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further increases in soluble sugars after harvest are insignificant (Lallu, 1990). Neither the concentration of fruit sugars nor the concentration of fruit minerals was affected by irrigation treatments. Mean sucrose, glucose, fructose, and sorbitol concen
Agronomy, 2021
Climate change is leading to higher plant water requirements and rootstock can play a role in tree adaptation, since the more vigorous ones are also likely to be more stress resistant. Pear trees of the cv. Abbé Fetél grafted on BA29 (more vigorous) and SYDO (more dwarfing) quince were irrigated according to three different treatments: 110 C, 80 DI and 60 DI, corresponding to 110%, 80% and 60% of the crop evapotranspiration rate (ETc), respectively. Shoot and fruit growth, water potentials, leaf gas exchanges and dry matter content were monitored during the season. Fruit quality was evaluated at harvest and after 6 months of storage at 1 °C. Results show how for both rootstocks, 60 DI significantly decreased their stem (Ψstem) and leaf (Ψleaf) water potentials as well as leaf gas exchanges. In SYDO, final fruit size was affected by irrigation, with lower values on 60 DI, but in BA29, no differences were found between treatments. After storage, BA29 60 DI fruit showed a higher solubl...
Journal of The Professional Association for Cactus Development, 2020
This research evaluated some fruit quality attributes at harvest and after two storage conditions [i.e., room temperature and cold storage] of four cactus pear cultivars previously exposed to nonirrigated (NI) treatment as the control, supplemental irrigation (SI) and commercial irrigation (CI). The cultivars responded differently to irrigation treatments and among evaluations. SI and CI plants had the highest fruit and pulp mass at harvest and maintained at both storage conditions, although these results were not always significant. Flesh firmness tended to be the highest in SI and CI fruit at harvest in all cultivars. The latter response was maintained occasionally at both storage conditions in all cultivars. Both dry mass concentration and total soluble solids concentration tended to be the highest in NI fruit of all cultivars. Fruit mass loss was minimized by SI and CI treatments in both storage conditions, and in relation to room temperature storage, cold storage increased the fruit storage life of all cultivars. At the start of the experiment, NI fruit at room temperature storage had the highest decay incidence; after that, this fruit deterioration problem was observed occasionally in both storage conditions. It was concluded that the amount and occurrence of rain was an important factor in the statistical inconsistence of the response variables. However, the SI and CI treatments minimized fruit mass loss in both storage conditions and extended the fruit storage life of all cultivars in cold storage, which is important for transportation, marketing, and consumers. Additionally, SI, on a three-year-average, saved irrigation water by 51% compared to CI, therefore, SI may be recommended to similar agroecological regions.
Agricultural Water Management
The best time for applying deficit irrigation (DI) to pear is not yet known although it was the first fruit crop to be studied for regulated DI. We explored postharvest application. Over the growing seasons of 2007–2010, three irrigation treatments were applied to ‘Conference’ pear in an experimental orchard. They were full irrigation (control, C), withholding irrigation after harvest (DI-PHa+b), and full irrigation for two weeks after harvest followed by withholding irrigation (DI-PHb). According to our previous experience with ‘Conference’, the DI treatments were to be irrigated if midday stem water potential (Ψstem) became lower than −1.5MPa. But it never did. The average annual irrigation water applied to C was 590mm. This was reduced by 15% for DI-PHb and by 27% for DI-PHa+b. Fruit yield in DI-PHa+b was similar to C for each of the three years following DI. But a carry-over effect was observed after the dry season of 2008. In 2009 fruit set and crop load were therefore reduced ...
VIII International Congress on Cactus Pear and Cochineal, 2015
Cactus pear fruit is grown mainly under rain-fed conditions in marginal semi-arid and arid highlands of central and north-central Mexico. Drip-irrigation can increase fruit yield ≈ 3.5-fold. However, the effects of irrigation, particularly on postharvest life of fruit, are unknown. This research examines the influence of irrigation on postharvest quality and shelf life of 'Cristalina' cactus pear fruit. Irrigation treatments were: non-irrigated (NI as control), supplemental irrigation (SI), and full irrigation (FI). Treatments were arranged in a randomized completeblock experimental design with three replicates. Twenty four fruits per treatment were harvested randomly from around the plants. Three sets of 72 fruits each were formed. One set was used to evaluate fruit quality at harvest. The other two were stored at room temperature (24 ± 1°C and 40 ± 8% RH) or in a cold room at 10°C and 85% RH. Fruit quality measures were: fruit weight, pulp weight, firmness, total soluble solids concentration (TSSC), dry matter concentration (DMC), and weight loss. At harvest, fruit weight was greater in FI than in SR and NI, but the edible portion of the fruit (pulp) was larger in FI and SR than in NI. Firmness and DMC were similar among treatments, while TSSC was the highest in NI fruit. After 49 days at room temperature, fruit quality was similar to that observed at harvest except for firmness, which was best conserved in FI fruit. The latter findings were consistent with those observed after 63 days in a cold room. FI and SI fruit had less weight loss than NI fruit under both storage conditions. Therefore, FI and SI (as a water-saving irrigation alternative) enhanced and maintained some quality attributes. Both irrigation treatments tended to increase the shelf life of cactus pear fruit, critical for longer storage periods required to reach distant markets.
Scientia Horticulturae, 2000
The effect of regulated de®cit irrigation (RDI) on fruit growth was studied for pear trees (Pyrus communis L.`Barlett') grown in 120 l isolated containers. Two irrigation treatments were applied in consecutive seasons (1996 and 1997) but on different trees each year. The Control treatment was watered to non-stress conditions using stem water potential (C stem ) and Penman ETo as a guide for the application of water. The RDI treatment received an average of 15% of the Control applied water from 32 to 60 DAFB (days after full bloom), the latter part of pear fruit development Stage I. Before 32 DAFB and after 60 DAFB, RDI was irrigated as the Control. Tree water status (leaf and stem water potential, leaf conductance and net assimilation rate at midday) and fruit growth parameters were measured periodically during both years. Additionally, in 1997, anatomical measurements of fruit growth (radial distance along fruit cortex tissue, cell number per radial distance and cross-sectional area) were made at the end of the de®cit period and at harvest. Minimal C stem values during the RDI de®cit period were about À1.4 MPa, indicative of moderate stress, and fruit growth was less in RDI than in the Control. The integral of water stress during the de®cit period was linearly correlated with smaller cell size in the fruit cortex, whereas cell number was unaffected. When full irrigation was resumed and during Stage II fruit development, the fruit growth rate remained higher in the Control than in RDI, despite fruit osmotic adjustment and slightly higher tree water status of RDI. At harvest, RDI fruit size was smaller than the Control. The apparent contradiction between these results and studies which report a recovery of fruit growth Scientia Horticulturae 85 (2000) 243±259 : S 0 3 0 4 -4 2 3 8 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 1 5 1 -X after de®cit irrigated period may be caused by differences in growth conditions. #
Scientia Horticulturae, 2013
Experiments were conducted on a mid-late maturing peach (Prunus persica) cv. 'Catherine' in 2008 in order to study the influences of irrigation and fruit location within the canopy, on fruit growth and several fruit-quality attributes, including sugar and acid contents. Trees were subjected to full irrigation (FI) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI). Fruit height in the crown, exposure to sunlight and orientation were recorded. Fruit diameter, fresh weight, firmness, flesh and skin colour attributes, soluble solids content, pH and sugar and acid contents were determined for each fruit at harvest. Water stress had a high impact on most of the fruit-quality variables studied. Fruits from trees under RDI were firmer than those from FI trees but did not differ in weight and diameter, perhaps due to the low crop load supported by the studied trees. In contrast, fruits from RDI trees had more soluble solids, glucose, sorbitol, and malic, citric and tartaric acids. Height in the crown partially affected positively soluble solids content. Exposure to sunlight strongly influenced stone dry weight and soluble solid content. Finally, orientation did not have a significant influence on most of the fruit-quality attributes considered in this study. Our results suggested that leaving a low crop load on the tree maintaining fruits only in the most ideal parts of the canopy may improve fruit quality under water restriction conditions. In this way, the negative effects of water stress may be counteracted and fruit quality for this mid-late maturing peach cultivar would be improved.
Acta horticulturae, 2019
Cactus pear is grown mainly under rain-fed conditions in marginal semi-arid and arid highlands of central and north-central Mexico. Drip irrigation may increase fruit yield ~3.5-fold. However, the effects of supplemental irrigation (SI) on preharvest growth and water saving have not been assessed previously. The objective of this study was to determine the possibility of saving water and improving water-use efficiency (WUE) in 'Dalia Roja' cactus pear, without adverse effects on fruit yield (FY) and fruit quality (FQ). Irrigation treatments (IT) were as follows: non-irrigated (NI) as control, supplemental irrigation (SI), and full irrigation (FI). Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The response variables were irrigation water applied (IWA), WUE, FY, fruit size distribution (FSD), and FQ. The following FQ determinations were made: mean fruit mass (MFM), flesh firmness (FF), pulp and peel mass, total soluble solids concentration (TSSC), and dry matter concentration (DMC) of fruit. The experiment was conducted in Zacatecas, Mexico. At harvest, SI saved ~52% of IWA, increased the efficiency of IWA by ~1.4-fold, but reduced FY by 12.9% compared to FI. Over 70% of the fruit produced by FI and SI plants was most marketable (categories 1 and 2), while NI plants produced only 28% category 2 fruits. The quality indicators FF and pulp-to-peel ratio were similar among IT, while NI fruit had the highest TSSC and DMC and the lowest MFM. SI produced similar responses to FI while saving irrigation water and enhancing FY, FSD, and MFM, but TSSC and DMC were reduced. Nevertheless, SI has potential for growing cactus pear in this region and similar production zones around the world where water availability is limited.
HortScience, 1996
Changes in sugar composition during maturation and ripening of eight Asian pear cultivars were evaluated. Total soluble sugars (TSS) increased gradually throughout the maturation and averaged 10% to 13% in mature fruit. All cultivars, except `Shinko' and `Nijisseiki', had accumulated ≥10% TSS by 100 days after full bloom (DAFB). Starch accumulated during early stages of Asian pear fruit development but decreased as the maturity progressed coinciding with the rise in soluble sugars. Sorbitol, a sugar alcohol, was predominant in immature fruit and accounted for 35% to 60% of TSS fraction depending on the cultivar. Fructose rapidly increased during early maturation. Glucose increased during early maturation, but the increase was much smaller than that of fructose. Sucrose was low (<4%) in immature fruit but accumulated rapidly late in the maturation and continued to increase until harvest. In mature `Hosui', `Kosui', `Nijisseiki', `Shinsui', `Shinko', and...
Acta horticulturae, 2016
Asian pears are characteristic for the high variability of postharvest ripening among cultivars. Some cultivars are classified as climacteric and the rest shows nonclimacteric pattern of ripening. Five Asian pear cultivars (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) and two European cultivars (Pyrus communis L.) were analysed during postharvest ripening. One half of the pear fruits was stored under controlled atmosphere, DCA (0.5% O 2 , 0.5% CO 2) at various temperatures after harvesting, while the other half was stored under regular atmosphere, RA (20.9% O 2 , 0.05% CO 2). A portion of the fruit was treated with exogenous ethylene for investigation of ethylene influence. Production of CO 2 and ethylene, changes in flesh firmness, soluble solids and organic acids were monitored. Asian pears showed higher flesh firmness after storing than European pears. Differences in ethylene production and the rate of fruit respiration were also observed. Effects of postharvest ripening typical of European pears such as production of buttery consistency were not confirmed in Asian pears.
HortScience, 1995
Morphological and physiological changes during maturation and ripening of eight Asian pear cultivars grown in the southeastern United States were evaluated. Fruit size increased throughout maturation. Flesh firmness decreased as fruit matured and averaged ≈30 to 35 N at harvest maturity. The average TSS in mature fruit ranged from 10% to 13%, with `Shinko' having the lowest and `Shinsui' having the highest. TSS increased during 4 weeks of storage at 1C, but the increase was greater in immature fruit than in mature fruit. Respiration rate declined as fruit matured. Ethylene production was low in `Hosui', `Kosui', `Nijisseiki', `Shinseiki', `Chojuro', and `Shinko' fruit. Mature `Ichiban' and `Shinsui' fruit produced high amounts of ethylene. `Kosui', `Shinsui', `Chojuro', and `Ichiban' fruit showed a climacteric rise in respiration and ethylene production at 20C, while `Hosui', `Nijisseiki', `Shinseiki', and `Shinko&#...
2005
The correlation of the pear (Pyrus communis L.) cv. 'Williams' yield quality to the foliar nutrition and water regime
The European pear (Pyrus communis L.) is an important fruit in temperate regions of Iran, grown for its desirable taste and commercial value. The total area in Iran devoted to growing pears consists of 19,219 hectares, with a total production of about 180,000 tonnes. There are some local pears (Pyrus communis L.) in Iran, including 'Shahmiveh', 'Peyghambary', 'Sardrood', 'Dargazy', 'Natanzy' and 'Domkaj' (Arzani, 2002). 'Shahmiveh' is the dominant pear cultivar in Iran. This cultivar is similar to the 'Williams' and 'Bartlett' pear in terms of size and shape (Hedrick, 1995 as cited by Kalbasi-Ashtari, 2004), with a crisp texture, very good taste and slight aroma (Kalbasi-Ashtari, 2004). However, the 'Shahmiveh' cultivar has poor shelf life and storability under normal cool storage conditions. On the other hand, the Iranian fruit industry is not experienced in the culture and production of Asian (Japanese) pear (Pyrus serotina Rehd.) cultivars (Arzani, 2005). Pear fruits are popular among consumers due to characteristics such as their sweetness, crispness, appearance and aroma. Some pears are consumed fresh, when fully matured; others are used in processing factories (Chen et al., 2007). Pears are a source of sugars, minerals, various biologically active compounds (such as vitamin C), and certain phenolic compounds known as natural antioxidants. Pear fruit quality is defined by physical properties such as texture, size, color and odor as well as chemical parameters such as sugar, organic acids, minerals and vitamins. These factors are influenced by the genetic makeup of the fruit, and its ripeness state, cultivation and environmental conditions (Teng and Liu, 1999). It has been reported that the concentration of nutrients like N, P, K, Ca and Mg decreased and the concentration of sugars such as sucrose, glucose, fructose and sorbitol increased in the`Nijisseiki' pear when it was water stressed during early fruit growth (Behboudian and Lawes, 1994). Changes in the content of organic acids, nutrients and sugars can result in changes in fruit taste, firmness, appearance and quality (Teng and Liu, 1999). It is obvious that chemical components of fruits, such as sugars, vitamins, organic acids, polyphenols, minerals and other nutrients play important roles in maintaining fruit quality (Ashoor and Kanox, 1982). The concentration of fruit chemical components is of interest because of their influence on the fruit's organoleptic properties (Chen et al., 2007; Teng and Liu, 1999).
Sustainability, 2023
The irrigation of crops represents 70% of the world’s water use. For crops grown in highaltitude tropical climates, due to the decrease in rainfall with increasing altitude, along with the effects of global warming, it is necessary to propose alternatives for sustainable fruit production with reduced water consumption. This study was carried out in Sesquilé, Colombia (South America), at an altitude of 2595 m a.s.l. for two successive years with pear trees, var. Triunfo de Viena. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on the absolute and relative growth rates of the equatorial diameter of the fruits, the fresh and dry weights, the number of fruits, the yield per tree and the water potential of the fruits. In 2014, during the rapid growth phase of the fruit, one group of plants was irrigated at 100% of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) (control), another at 74% and a third group at 60%. In 2015, the three groups were irrigated at 100%, 48% and 27% of the ETc. The use of RDI did not significantly affect the growth of the fruits. This study showed that the ‘Triunfo de Viena’ pear tree not only has sufficient adaptive reserves, but also has good ecological plasticity under water stress conditions in high-altitude tropical climates. In cases where water is a limiting factor for pear tree production, RDI can obtain production rates similar to those of a regularly irrigated crop, as long as this technique is used and implemented in phenological states of low sensitivity to water stress without exceeding the tolerance limits of the plants to the stressor.
2014
This field experiment was designed to assess the vegetative response (fruit diameter growth) of young 'William' pear trees to regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), mulching and their combinations. During vegetation until harvesting were made 6 measurements, by comparing that between which measurements was the highest increase. Using a water budged methodology, four levels of irrigation, specifically 100% of evapotranspiration (control) and deficits of 80%, 60% and 40%, were applied to 10 trees, 5 of which were mulched by a 10 cm layer. The experiment was conducted in Kosovo (Dukagjini Plain) during 2013 on a pear orchard of 10 ha on third year using a nested experimental design. According to the ANOVA, changes were not significant for irrigation levels, but it should also be stressed that mulching had a positive effect. RDI and mulching hadn't a combined effect. Considering the young age of trees and long-term consequences of water stress experiment is continuing.
2000
Summary HUDINA M. & STAMPAR F. 2000. Influence of water regimes and mineral contents in soil upon the contents of minerals, sugars and organic acids in pear fruits {Pyrus communis L.) Cv. 'Williams'. - Phyton (Horn, Austria) (40) (4): (91) - (96). In the years 1997 and 1998 we studied the influence of early and late water stresses, the influence of mineral contents in the soil and their consequences on the contents of sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose), sorbitol and organic acids (malic, citric, fumaric and shikimic) in the pear fruits of cv. 'Williams'. The contents of sugars and organic acids were determined by HPLC analysis. The experiment encompassed three observations: early water stress (from June the 1st to July the 15th), late water stress (from July the 15th until picking time) and control. The soil was optimally supplied by minerals, there was only a bit more of Ca, Mg and Cu. We stated that troubled water supply in the treatment with late water stress ...
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2007
The effect of different irrigation strategies on the fruit quality at harvest and during storage at 1 • C of 'Búlida' apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.) was studied. Irrigation treatments consisted of a control irrigated at 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) throughout the season, and two deficit irrigation treatments consisting of continuous irrigation at 50% of control, and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) at 100% of ETc during the critical periods (second rapid fruit growth and early post-harvest) and at 25% during the rest of the season. Fruits at harvest from both deficit irrigation treatments showed higher values of total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity and hue angle (h • ) than control fruits, whereas their diameter, fresh weight, firmness and maturity index values were similar to those in the control. During the first 10 days of the 30-day chilling storage period, higher TSS and h • values were found in deficit irrigated fruits, whilst the other parameters were similar for all treatments. Weight loss and fungal attacks (mainly Rhizopus sp. and Monilinia sp.) during a subsequent retail sale period of 4 days at 13 • C were the lowest in RDI. Deficit irrigation was demonstrated to be commercially advantageous for keeping fruit quality, saving considerable amounts of water.
Agricultural Water Management, 2019
In arid and semi-arid regions, the research and application of new irrigation techniques that economize water without altering tree performance and fruit quality is a challenge. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two different deficit irrigation strategies on tree physiology and fruit quality of four Prunus persica cultivars: two earlyripening cultivars (Flordastar and Early Maycrest), a mid-season cultivar (Rubirich), and a late-ripening cultivar (O'Henry). During two consecutive seasons (2016 and 2017), three different irrigation treatments were established: i) Full Irrigation (FI; 100% ETc), ii) Sustained Deficit Irrigation (SDI; 50% ETc) and iii) Cyclic Deficit Irrigation (CDI; trees irrigated at 100 % field capacity whenever the soil moisture dropped to 50% field capacity). Tree water status, gas exchange, yield, fruit pomology and the concentrations of the main sugars and organic acids were determined. Deficit irrigation decreased net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate while it improved instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEins). In O'Henry cultivar, WUEins increased from 3.21 μ mol mmol-1 in FI to 7.04 μmol mmol-1 in CDI during harvest. Deficit irrigation significantly reduced shoot growth in the four cultivars. Furthermore, SDI decreased the yield significantly (from 41 to 26.3 kg in O'Henry cultivar during 2016), fruit size and weight while CDI increased soluble solids and sugar contents and decreased titratable acidity. The total sugar content increased significantly under deficit irrigation in all cultivars studied. In conclusion, CDI seems to be the best strategy in semi-arid regions, since it can save water and improve fruit quality parameters.
Acta Horticulturae
In 2002, daily fluctuations in trunk diameter and fruit diameter on 'Conference' pear trees were measured with linear voltage displacement transducers. On an average sunny day in July, trunk diameter started to decrease around 10 a.m. when air temperature increased. This continued until 8 p.m. when air temperature started to decline. Fruit diameter growth of 'Conference' ceased as soon as trunk diameter started to decrease and resumed immediately after trunk diameter started to increase. When fruit growth took place, the rate of diameter increase was fairly constant and was ~ 0.04 mm/h. Root pruning without irrigation significantly affected tree growth but not fruit growth. Fruit size increase was almost linear from early May up to harvest at the beginning of September and averaged 3.9 mm/week. Relationships between fruit growth, climatic condition, soil water availability and cultural practices are discussed.
Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 2012
Responses to deficit irrigation (DI) throughout the fruit-growing season were studied in 'Conference' pear grafted onto quince M-A rootstock and grown in large containers. The treatments were (1) full irrigation (FI), (2) DI during Stage I of fruit growth (DI-Stage I), and (3) DI during Stage II of fruit growth (DI-Stage II). Four whole trees were sampled before Stage I and from all treatments at the end of Stage I, end of Stage II (fruit harvest), and before leaf fall. There was less discrimination against 13 CO 2 in DI leaves, indicative of reduced photosynthetic capacity. DI treated trees had lower starch content in branches and trunks but root starch concentration was the same between DI-and FI-treated trees. Compared to FItreated trees, leaf, shoot, branch, and trunk dry biomass was reduced by 34, 50, 37, and 32 %, respectively, in DI-Stage I and by 45, 73, 37, and 22 % in DI-Stage II. Root growth was not affected by DI. Trees had limited capacity for storing starch in roots. Recovery of the aboveground starch concentration for DI treatments occurred within 1 month after rewatering but total starch content never recovered.
Biosystems Engineering, 2002
The scarcity of fresh water in arid regions makes saline water a valuable alternative water source for irrigation. Saline water has an agricultural potential but it is necessary to develop special management procedures to obtain maximum yield and high product quality.
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