European Journal of Applied Linguistics Studies

MORPHO-PHONOLOGICAL EFFECTS IN GIKUYU LANGUAGE REDUPLICATION, 2021

This research is indispensable as it basically studies how Gikuyu language reduplication patterns can be explained using Prosodic Morphology Theory. It looks at the various types of reduplication in Gikuyu language and seeks to establish if reduplication in Gikuyu is considered morphological reduplication or phonological copying. Word classification as well as the Gikuyu vowels and consonants have extensively been discussed in this paper as a foundation for the reduplication discussion. The study tries to find out the logic worth of reduplication, how reduplication interconnect with morphological and phonological processes, linguistic units associated with this concept and draws conclusion that reduplication in Gikuyu is considered both morphological doubling and phonological copying. The study adopts Prosodic Morphology theoretical approach in reduplication patterns analysis. Gikuyu phonemic catalogue on vowels and consonants as well as the word categorization, that is, nouns, pron...

Liberal Journal of Language & Literature Review, 2025

This study examines the morphological characteristics of the Shina language, which is spoken in several northern regions of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Shina is an Indo-Aryan language utilized in various regions of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan; nevertheless, it remains unrecorded and lacks recognition as an official or regional language by authorities. Reduplication in the Shina language, analyzed via the lens of morphological doubling theory, has been used to investigate the roles of Total reduplication, Partial or Echo Reduplication, and Non-Sensical Reduplication in Shina. The researcher purposefully collected data through random observation of vernacular speakers of the Shina language, noting examples such as /bal-bel/ for 'altogether' (Total Reduplication) and /Musha-Chey/ for 'husband-wife' (Partial Reduplication). The results indicated that Shina is still spoken in certain regions of Pakistan, which is characterized by a significant presence of reduplications in the daily discourse of the local speech communities.

International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 2017

Change is the nature of every living language for better communication. These changes can be phonological, morphological, syntactical and lexical, because of various linguistic affects. The synchronic and diachronic study of language proves that it enriches the vocabulary of the language. Another reason for the enrichment of vocabulary is through morphological word formation process which are mainly inflectional, derivational, compounding and reduplication, etc. Reduplication is implicit to phonological (sounds and prosodic units) and morphological (word constituents) components. It occurs in many languages and helps in the formation of new words. The present study concentrates on the process of reduplication Kurukh and the role of reduplication in acquiring vocabulary.

International Journal of Kurdish Studies, 2016

Reduplicated words are a fascinating, and fun aspect of language. In many languages (nearly 85%) reduplication has been observed. Reduplication, as Charles Kauffman (2015) points out is a morphological process that through doubling a morpheme enhances, emphasizes, amplifies, enlarges, diminishes, adds number or changes verb tenseto bring about significant meaning changes or shades of meaning. In general, there are two basic formsfull reduplication and partial reduplication that each of them includes several forms. In this research, our purpose is identifying and introducing a variety of reduplication patterns in Kurdish language. For this purpose we explored more than 700 samples of reduplications in Kurdish language and categorized them in several sets. We noticed that frequentative, increased action, and plural action as the most common semantic categories marked by reduplication in the samples. The studies show that this morphological process especially partial type causes some changes in the meaning of resulting combinations. What is added to the reduplicant (base or root), in most cases, is meaningless. It also seems this kind of words especially partial ones are used in informal language and an ironic meaning is inferred by them.

Journal of Languages and Language Teaching, 2021

The study discusses the types, functions, and morphological processes of Reduplication in the Sumbawa Besar dialect. Data was taken from recorded conversation, which naturally occurred among the native speakers of Sumbawa Besar Dialect. The native were also interviewed to gain deeply information. Finding of this study describes some types of Reduplication in Sumbawa Besar Dialect namely full Reduplication, partial Reduplication, and reduplication variation of phoneme. In full Reduplication, the word is fully repeated without any additional morpheme or phoneme to the base word. For example, the base word ‘lao’ (slow) is fully reduplicated becomes ‘lao-lao’ (slowly). Partial Reduplication is partly the repetition of the base word. For example, ‘Barema’ (together) is the base form that is reduplicated by repeating the last phoneme to become ‘Barema-rema’. ‘Barema’ is the base and ‘rema’ is its phoneme which is repeated to form Reduplication. Reduplication variation of phoneme is the ty...

Journal of Language, Literature, Social and Cultural Studies, 2025

Every language has its own uniqueness, sometimes making it challenging for speakers of one language to learn another. This research aims to describe the differences in form and meaning of reduplication between Madurese and Minangkabau languages. It is a qualitative descriptive study. The research data consists of reduplicated words in Madurese and Minangkabau sourced from previous research books. Data collection is conducted through document study method. The data analysis employs intralingual matching method. The results of this research indicate differences in reduplication systems between Madurese and Minangkabau: (a) reduplication in Madurese involves partial repetition, while in Minangkabau, it involves complete repetition; (b) there are 4 classes of words that can undergo reduplication in Madurese, compared to 6 words in Minangkabau; (c) reduplication with affixation in Minangkabau is more complex compared to Madurese; and (d) reduplication in Madurese yields 12 variations in meaning, whereas in Minangkabau, there are 8 variations.

International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 2023

Kikuyu language is a highly agglutinative language with an S-V-O sentence structure. This study aims to find out the phonological processes of the Kikuyu dialectical words and determine the phonological rules. A limited number of studies have been done in the Kikuyu language concerning the phonological processes. Therefore, this study is justifiable because it will not only give more lexical units which are subject to phonological processes in the Kikuyu language, which may be inadequate in the previous studies but also create awareness among the scholars of the various Kikuyu lexicons which undergo the phonological processes. The data for analysis is presented using phonetic transcription, and it was collected from the native, resourceful speakers of the Kikuyu language and from selected Kikuyu texts like Phonetics and Tonal Systems of Kikuyu (Lilias Armstrong, 2017) and Modern Gikuyu Dictionary: Gikuyu-English, English-Gikuyu (Kasahorow, 2014). The Distinctive Features theory is used in the phonological analysis of the data. The results of the study showed that different Kikuyu words undergo phonological processes evident in this study, like assimilation, consonant strengthening, glide formation, nasal coalescence, consonant coalescence, insertion, and vowel deletion.

This research deals with the investigation of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language. The major issue in this descriptive microlinguistic study is to find out the formations of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language. There are some urgent points under discussion, namely, the identification of the morpheme that form the formation of the adjective reduplication, the morphological processes of the word formation, and the meaning emerged as the result of the morphological processes. The results of the analysis show that there are five types of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language, they are, (1) full adjective reduplication, (2) partial adjective reduplication with prefix mar-and um-, (3) partial adjective reduplication with infix – um-, (4) partial adjective reduplication with suffix –an,-hian, and –an, and (5) partial adjective reduplication with marsi-i, ha-assa, ma-hu, pa-hu, sa-na, and um-hian. The meanings of the adjective reduplication can be grouped into eight, namely, (1) refers to the basic meaning of the base adjective, (2) in the condition as mentioned in the base adjective, (3) has the characteristic as mentioned in the base adjective, (4) shows degree of comparison, (5) shows differences, (6) shows that something or some one is just so so .... as mentioned in the base adjective, (7) shows that something or some one is too ..., and (8) expresses superlative degree about something or some one.

https://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR_Vol.6_Issue.9_Sep2019/Abstract_IJRR0038.html, 2019

In Karo language reduplication has its own rules and this paper aims to describe the types of morphemic reduplication which involves the structural morphology theory. Data were obtained from interviews with Karo"s native speakers and analyzed by referential techniques to determine the basis of this type of reduplication. From the results, having discussed the processes and meanings of the morphemic reduplication, for instance, onomatopoeia, plural meanings, imitation, repetition, emphatic (affirmation), uncertainty, other meanings, forms of partial reduplication, and forms of alliteration reduplication, it was concluded there were nine types of morphemic reduplication: (1) (D + R) type, (2) (D + R) +-en) type, (3) ((D + R) + ke-/-en) type, (4) ((D + R) + er-) type, (5) (D + (R + er-) type, (6) ((D + R) + m-) type, (7) ((D + R) + m-/-ken) type, (8) (D + (R + si-/-en)) type, and (9) ((D + R) + er-/-en) type.

This research deals with the investigation of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language. The major issue in this descriptive microlinguistic study is to find out the formations of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language. There are some urgent points under discussion, namely, the identification of the morpheme that form the formation of the adjective reduplication, the morphological processes of the word formation, and the meaning emerged as the result of the morphological processes. The results of the analysis show that there are five types of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language, they are, (1) full adjective reduplication, (2) partial adjective reduplication with prefix mar-and um-, (3) partial adjective reduplication with infix-um-, (4) partial adjective reduplication with suffix-an,-hian, and-an, and (5) partial adjective reduplication with marsi-i, ha-assa, ma-hu, pa-hu, sa-na, and um-hian.