Corona: A Review on Current Clinical Sympathetic

University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science, 2021

On 31 December 2019, the cases of pneumonia caused by unknown etiology had emerged. These cases were reported in Wuhan city, Hubei Province of China. Chinese authorities identified the causative agent and announced to be a novel coronavirus. The tentative name of disease is COVID-19, abbreviating of coronavirus disease-19. The incubation period of the disease ranges from 2 to 14 days, however, 80% of the patients have mild or asymptomatic illness while 15 % and 5% of the patients had exhibited sever and critical cases respectively. The etiology of COVID-19 was known as SARS-CoV-2 and belongs to betacoranviruse as reported by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) especially Coronaviridae Study Group (CSG). In addition, this virus is currently believed to be within bat-coronaviruses besides it possesses a close relationship with SARS-CoV more than MERS-CoV. Although, the majority of the diagnosed patients had symptoms, there were asymptomatic persons who can spread...

https://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR_Vol.7_Issue.9_Sep2020/Abstract_IJRR0040.html, 2020

Recently, a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV-2) associated severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) has emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. This novel coronavirus disease (SARS-CoV-2) is characterized by pulmonary infection and mostly leads to a wide range of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic, mild, and moderate to severe. The severe cases present with pneumonia, which can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Despites the containment measures, the spread of this virus is ongoing. In this review, we highlight the epidemiology, symptoms, transmission, treatment and control, of this fatal disease. It is challenge to global public health therefore, a special attention and efforts to protect or reduce transmission should be applied in susceptible populations including children, health care providers, and elderly people. Public health authorities should also keep monitoring the situation closely, as the more we can learn about this novel virus and its associated outbreak, the better we can respond.

Journal of Infection and Public Health, 2020

2020

Coronaviruses infect many species of animals, together with humans, and have described for more than 50 years. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a strain of coronavirus in humans known for causing super-spreader events. Since late 2019 an outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus, has rapidly spread across the world, devastating lives, and livelihoods. Coronaviruses are a massive family of viruses reported first in Wuhan, China, on December 31st, 2019. This new virus presents dangers: There is no known pre-immunity, no vaccine, and no specific treatment, and the infection is contagious, and everyone is presumed to be susceptible. This new coronavirus appears to target cells in the lungs and possibly other cells in the respiratory system too. Cells infected by the virus generate more virus particles, which can then spread to other people, for instance, by coughing. The novel coronavirus is now known as SA...

Afro-Egyptian Journal of Infectious and Endemic Diseases, 2020

In late 2019, a novel coronavirus, now designated SARS-CoV-2, emerged and was identified as the cause of an outbreak of acute respiratory illness in Wuhan, a city in China, named as COVID-19. Since then the waves of the virus exponentially hit many countries around the globe with high rates of spread associated with variable degrees of morbidity and mortality. The WHO announced the pandemic state of the infection in March 2020 and by June 1st 2020 more than 6 million individuals and more than 370 thousands case fatalities were documented worldwide. In this article, we discussed many aspects regarding this emerged infection based on the available evidence aiming to help clinician to improve not only their knowledge but also their practices toward this infection.

2020

With the emergence of Corona virus Disease (COVID – 19) caused by the spread of 2019 novel Corona virus (2019-nCoV) the world is facing a new public health crisis. This virus is also known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is rapidly spreading from its origin in Wuhan City of Hubei Province of China in December 2019 to the rest of the world. It has affected over 200 countries in the world including India. Therefore, it is declared as a global public health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO). This virus was transmitted to humans from animals and initially causes mild symptoms like fever, cough and fatigue in most people. But in some cases the symptoms become severe leading to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi organ dysfunction. The diagnosis of this disease relies on a special molecular test. Since the research on novel Corona virus is on the preliminary stage no specific drug or vaccine has been developed...

2020

No one has even imagined that infection in the respiratory system in the form of pneumonia because of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) in small town of China, Wuhan during end of December in the year 2019 will come out as an extremely communicable infection. The World Health Organization (WHO) has acknowledged the current epidemic as a threat to whole population worldwide. At present, still we have not reached the advanced levels of research to treat and control this contagious disease. Due to lack of information about the pathogenesis and proliferation pathways of this novel corona virus, whole world is looking forward for its exact prophylaxis. On the basis of recent proofs provided by review and research articles from various gen-uine sources, we tried thoroughly to summarize the various factors regarding COVID-19 like its epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Through this review we have made an effort to present a com-mon conceptual literature...

Journal of Advanced Research in Medicine, 2020

Emerging and reemerging pathogens are global challenges for public health. For the third time in as many decades, a zoonotic coronavirus has crossed species to infect human populations. Given the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) outbreak in 2002 and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in 2012, 2019-nCoV is the third coronavirus to emerge in the human population in the past 18 years-an outbreak that has raised great hue and cry globally as it has sickened thousands of people across the world. This novel coronavirus was named as COVID-19 which stands for Corona Virus Disease 2019. The 2019-nCoV originated from Wuhan, Hubei Province, China beginning in December 2019. The World Health Organization declared it as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. At that point, there were 9826 confirmed cases globally, with 213 deaths. Of these, 9720 cases were in China; outside of China, health authorities reported 106 confirmed cases in 19 countries. As of February 2, the WHO updated the count, reporting 14 557 confirmed cases from 24 countries-14 411 of them in China. In this review we focus our attention on Covid-19 and how different this epidemic is from the previous two outbreak caused by coronavirus.

Novel Research in Microbiology Journal, 2020

A novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) overflow event, with its epicenter point in the Wuhan (China), has risen as the health of the public crisis is of global concern. This started as an episode in the December, (2019), and till the 28 th of February, (2020), there have about 83,704 committed cases of the SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) disease at the global level, including 2,859 deaths. This showed overall cases including 3.41% of the fatality rate. At this point more than 58 nations or regions were affected with SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) disease. As an important role of the worldwide response to manage and contain this pandemic, significant accentuation was put to create research knowledge in order to manage proof based response to carry the infection. This disease was named as severe respiratory syndrome COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), owing to its hereditary similarities with the SARS infection. Individual to-individual transmission of the COVID-19 contamination led to the isolation of the patients that were treated with various types of treatments. Various measures have been executed to decrease the individual to-individual transmission of the SARS-CoV-2, to stop the present outbreak. Unique considerations and many efforts ought to be applied in the populations to decrease the transmission of COVID-19 including health care providers, kids and older individuals. The aims of this review were to highlight the epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis and future instructions of COVID-19 to stop spreading of this lethal disease.

Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 2020

In late December 2019, several cases of pneumonia with unknown cause were reported in Wuhan, China, and this new type of pneumonia spread rapidly to across provinces during the subsequent weeks. The pathogen was identified quickly and was named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The infectious disease caused by this virus is referred to as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Within months, it has caused a global pandemic and posed a major threat to public health worldwide. As of May 23, 2020, 5 252 452 patients have been confirmed to have the disease, and 339 026 deaths have been reported. Multiple therapeutic trials are ongoing, and some promising results have been released. A vaccine would provide the most effective approach to fight the virus by preventing infection, but none are currently available. To control the COVID-19 outbreak, large-scale measures have been applied to reduce human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Susceptible populations, including older adults, children, and healthcare providers, warrant particular attention to avoid transmission and infection. This review introduces current understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection and treatment strategies, emphasizing the relevant challenges associated with prevention, diagnosis, and management.

Pathogens, 2020

In December 2019, a cluster of fatal pneumonia cases presented in Wuhan, China. They were caused by a previously unknown coronavirus. All patients had been associated with the Wuhan Wholefood market, where seafood and live animals are sold. The virus spread rapidly and public health authorities in China initiated a containment effort. However, by that time, travelers had carried the virus to many countries, sparking memories of the previous coronavirus epidemics, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and causing widespread media attention and panic. Based on clinical criteria and available serological and molecular information, the new disease was called coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), and the novel coronavirus was called SARS Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), emphasizing its close relationship to the 2002 SARS virus (SARS-CoV). The scientific community raced to uncover the origin of the virus, understand the pathogenesis of the dise...

C oronaviruses (CoV) belong to the genus Coronavirus in the Coronaviridae. All CoVs are pleomorphic RNA viruses characteristically containing crown-shape peplomers with 80-160 nM in size and 27-32 kb positive polarity. Recombination rates of CoVs are very high because of constantly developing transcription errors and RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRP) jumps. With its high mutation rate, Coronaviruses are zoonotic pathogens that are present in humans and various animals with a wide range of clinical features from asymptomatic course to requirement of hospitalization in the intensive care unit; causing infections in respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic and neurologic systems. [1-3] They were not considered as highly pathogenic for humans until they have been seen with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the Guangdong state of China for the first time in 2002 and 2003. Before these outbreaks, there were the two most known types of CoV as CoV OC43 and CoV 229E that have mostly caused mild infections in people with an adequate immune system. [3, 4] Approximately ten years after SARS this time, another highly pathogenic CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has emerged in the Middle East countries. [5] In December 2019, 2019 novel Coronavirus (nCoV), which is another public health problem, has emerged in the Huanan Seafood Market, where livestock animals are also traded, in Wuhan State of Hubei Province in China and has been the focus of global attention due to a pneumonia epidemic of unknown cause. [6] At first, an unknown pneumonia case was detected on December 12, 2019, and possible influenza and other coronaviruses were ruled Coronaviruses (CoV) belong to the genus Coronavirus with its high mutation rate in the Coronaviridae. The objective of this review article was to have a preliminary opinion about the disease, the ways of treatment, and prevention in this early stage of COVID-19 outbreak.

Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health, 2020

Coronavirus (CoV) belongs to the genus beta coronavirus with its high mutation rate within the family Coronoviridae. The virus is extremely transmittable and its pathogenicity caused infection like SARS-CoV-2. An epidemic of this novel coronavirus was first documented in Wuhan, Hubei province of China in December 2019 and is thus called as COVID-19. A series of pneumonia reports were confirmed and now the cases are escalated throughout the world. Although transmission of this virus from animals to humans is rare, however this new strain most likely came from bats and pangolins. COVID-19 has infected more than 4.5 million people (4,543,060) as of May 15 th 2020, 09:50 GMT worldwide and rises continuously, caused the death of 303,707 so far. Till date no vaccine is available to combat this dreadful virus. Though, certain antiviral drugs have being assisted against COVID-19, which results some success. With the fast spread all over the world, fear and panic is gripping people around the globe. It leads to social stigma towards affected people and physiologically hurts by creating more fear. Need of the time is the collective efforts of all developed countries along with WHO to fight against this dreadful virus. The frontline clinicians, public health authorities and epidemiologists must need to come together to stop this infection and save the precious lives. Since the present virus is new to science, therefore in this review, an attempt has been made to establish some facts related to this novel coronavirus from the existing literature. Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) classification, there are seven strains of human corona viruses, which include 229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) and novel corona virus (Covid-19) consisting of thirty-eight unique species within the subfamily 10 accountable for the infection with special relation to the involvement of the respiratory tract like communicable disease, pneumonia, bronchitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis and lots of other symptoms like occasional watery and diarrhea 11,12. The quantity of species may still increase, as there are several unclassified CoVs 13. CoVs cause disease in a very sort of domestic and wild animals in addition as in humans, where 229E

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 2020

The 2019-nCoV is officially called SARS-CoV-2 and the disease is named COVID-19. The Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) caused pneumonia in Wuhan, China in December 2019 is a highly contagious disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared it as a global public health emergency. This is the third serious Coronavirus outbreak in less than 20 years, following SARS in 2002–2003 and MERS in 2012. Currently, the research on novel coronavirus is still in the primary stage. It is currently believed that this deadly Coronavirus strain originated from wild animals at the Huanan market in Wuhan by Bats, snakes and pangolins have been cited as potential carriers. On the basis of current published evidence, we systematically summarize the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of COVID-19. This review in the hope of helping the public effectively recognize and deal with the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and providing a reference for future studies. K...