Primary methods of measurement and primary standards

Metrologia, 2010

In order to improve the performance of devices, components and systems, where heat is generated, transported, stored or converted to other types of energy, reliable thermal design and simulation are required using reliable thermophysical property data. In order to produce reliable thermophysical property data systematically and continually, the international and national standards of thermophysical properties must be established and the measurement methods should be evaluated and standardized, and the measuring instruments must be calibrated by reference materials traceable to the international or national standard. Users search for and purchase a particular grade of material which satisfies the properties, performances and technical specifications required. In order to guarantee fair commerce and trade, values of thermophysical properties should be measured traceable to the national standard. Thus, the establishment of an international standard is required satisfying the global CIPM MRA under the metric convention, and then, the global and regional framework to examine calibration and measurement capability of national metrology institutes (NMIs). A domestic traceability system in each country should be established and the quality management system of the NMI and calibration laboratories should be constructed based on ISO 17025.

2014

1996

This paper, starting from reviewing basic concepts, such as repeatability, reproducibility, accuracy, systematic error, true value, bias, Type A and B uncertainty components, as defined in international documents, shows that, currently, full consensus and a common understanding seems not be achieved yet. This fact reflects on the process of combining data, namely in chemistry.

Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2000

2009

The results of an investigation of different types of tungsten lamps in order to estimate the components of the error budget of spectrum-pyrometer apparatus are presented. Quantitative relations are considered and the results of experimental research, which enable systematic methods to be developed for eliminating the influence of polarization of the radiation of the lamps in standard radiation thermometry, are analyzed. Key words: tungsten filament lamps, "black body" radiation sources, spectral pyrometry, error budget, temperature scale, temperature standards.

TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2001

This article discusses the common terms related to chemical measurement processes, the different methodologies of calibration ( which are not always well established ) and the role of chemical standards. General classi¢cations of reference materials and their use in the calibration process are clari-¢ed. Related features, such as recovery studies or screening and corrections of matrix systematic errors, are also considered, and guidelines concerning experimental design and veri¢cation of the calibration are given. z2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

International Journal of Thermophysics, 2007

Until the 1960s much of the experimental work on the thermophysical properties of fluids was devoted to the development of methods for the measurement of the properties of simple fluids under moderate temperatures and pressures. By the end of the 1960s a few methods had emerged that had both a rigorous mathematical description of the experimental method and technical innovation to render measurements precise enough to rigorously test theories of fluids for both gas and liquid phases. These studies demonstrated that, for the gas phase at least, the theories were exceedingly reliable and led to physical insight into simple molecular interactions. The thesis of this paper is, after those early successes, there has been a divergence of experimental effort from the earlier thrust and, in the future, there needs to be focus on in situ measurement of properties for process fluids. These arguments are based