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This work is the result of my research as a member of the Engineering Design and Methodology group at the Technische Universität Berlin. Here I would like to thank my colleagues for an always pleasant time and an inspiring working environment. My special thanks go to Dr. Bruno Gries, Patrick Müller, and Andreas Bischof; they supported my reflections by giving me always honest feedback. Prof. Dr. Michael Schmidt-Kretschmer contributed to this work by giving me insights into aspects of design practice you will never find in any textbook and who always reminded me to stick to my own schedule.
Advances in business information systems and analytics book series, 2018
As projects are associated with risks due to the presence of uncertainties and unknowns, risk management assumes importance in project success. This chapter is an attempt to examine various risk mitigation strategies that are commonly employed if different industrial sectors. The chosen risk strategy would also largely depend either on individual's or organization's propensity to take risks. The authors summarize the findings of a research study in this chapter. The research results show that effort and details of a risk management for a project are governed by risks associated with cost and time and not necessarily with the project scope. Also, many organizations prefer a contingency budget to the project plan to developing a detailed risk management plan.
International journal of risk and contingency management, 2013
Risk is an inseparable event or occurrence to any project and it is a consequence of uncertainties and unknowns associated with the project and its execution. Past research studies generally focused on types of risks and risk management processes. This research effort, using a survey questionnaire, is an attempt to understand types of specific risk mitigation approaches that are commonly employed and their dependency with the type of an organization. This research effort also addressed relation between risk mitigation strategy of an organization and individual project manager's propensity to risk. Research results show that project risk management plan and it development is likely to be influenced by cost and time aspects of a project but not on the project scope. Further, results revealed that many organizations depend on contingency budget rather than a formalized risk management plan.
Problem background: The problem of this research paper is centered on project risk management process and its relation to the success of construction projects. Organizations, project managers and all other stakeholders have been complaining of myriads of challenges on how to identify critical factors that can lead to project success. This issue has made these scholars and practitioners to concern themselves with the issue of project success and try to establish some other appropriate factors that measure project success from early as 1960s.These scholars have identified different critical success factors of construction project but how it is impacted on by risk management process is a research gap that this study will try to fill. Purpose: The purpose of this research paper is to establish the effect of project risk management process on the success of construction project. Methodology: The study empirically review literatures on the theoretical framework of project risk management process and its relation to project success in construction industry Conclusions: The study found out that risk factors have significant impact on the success of constructions project success regardless of the type or complexity of the project. This means that the traditional success factors of cost, scope, time and quality are universally inherent in all construction projects and should always be considered as a base for all other forms of critical success factors however this is not a guarantee of project success since the main weakness of project success is not from the traditional success factors but rather the society that is pressurizing project managers to succeed in all tasks. Therefore, critical success factors are necessities aimed at supporting projects managers in tracking various risk factors associated with projects and make an informed decision. Recommendations: Therefore, project managers need to develop a more appropriate critical success factor identification technique in order to avoid the problem of over planning or under planning at the start of the project. When the construction project is being planned, an appropriate measuring tool for critical success factor analysis may need to be identified and defined; this is a gap that needs further research. Also, the literature review on was limited to construction projects only and it is not exhaustive thus confirmation of this work may be done in other sectors. Keywords: Project, risk, risk factors, risk management, project management, project success, success criteria and critical success factors.
International Journal of Production Economics, 2008
Project risk management includes the process of risk identification, analysis, and handling (response). Risk handling/response is the choice of a proper strategy to reduce the likelihood of the occurrence of risk events and/or the magnitude of their negative impact. Research on risk handling is mostly opinion- or case-based and, as such, it offers scant guidelines for making the decision. Managers
Risk Management Trends, 2011
Project scoring methods do not necessarily ensure the quality of PRS selection, because they do not explicitly take into account PRS level considerations, such as multiple resource constraints and other project interactions. Too often, financial measures are made based solely on criteria such as Net present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Mathematical programming models often solve an integer linear programming to determine the optimal composition of the options subject to resource and other constraints. MCDM models (Keeney & Raiffa, 1999), on the other hand, consider the multi-criteria project values. For data which cannot be precisely assessed, fuzzy sets (Zadeh, 1965) can be used to denote them. The use of fuzzy set theory allows us to incorporate unquantifiable information, incomplete information, non-obtainable information, and partially ignorant facts into the decision model. The first four approaches offer the ability to rate PRSs with a quantitative monetarily unit. Henriksen & Traynor (1999) found that decisions made by managers and those made by a multi-criteria decision making model differ. These differences reflect that such techniques typically do week in simulation of the reality about the projects. It seems the risky world about the projects is usually neglected during the evaluation. In most of the real-world problems, projects are multidimensional in nature and have risky outcomes and decisions and must consider strategy and multidimensional measures (Meade & Presley, 2002). It is stressed that most significant risks will be subjected to quantitative risk analysis of their impact on project (Project Management Institute [PMI], 2008; United State Department of Energy [US DOE], 2005). Several quantitative models have been introduced to provide valuable predictions for decision-makers. The most common risk valuation technique is expert elicitation. Using this method, the magnitude of consequences may be determined, through the use of expert's opinions. This could be applied using techniques such as interviewing (PMI, 2008). Risks can be represented by probability distribution functions. According to Kahkonen (1999), probability distributions are not widely used, because they are perceived to unlink the assessment from everyday work of project managers. To avoid direct application of probability distributions, the point-estimates (Kahkonen, 1999) are developed such as the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). Also, Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM) uses the same statistical basis as PERT, but only uses two estimates for the task duration, which are the most likely and the low risk estimates. Many assessment approaches deal with cost and schedule separately in order to simplify the process. Despite this, approaches such as the proposed method by Molenaar (2005) consider both cost and schedule, although schedule modeling tends to be at the aggregate level. Another method to deal with uncertainty is contingency allowance that is an amount of money used to provide for uncertainties associated with a project. The most common method of allowing for uncertainty is to add a percentage figure to the most likely estimate of the final cost of the known works. The amount added is usually called a contingency (Thompson & Perry, 1994). The present paper introduces a technique to identify the PRS efficient frontier and choose the desirable scheme. According to the introduced model, in responding the question of "which PRS is the desirable option to execute the project?" the decision maker wishes to simultaneously satisfy two objectives, time and cost, with considering positive and negative risks. Most often, these multi-objectives will be in conflict, resulting in a more complicated decision making task. For this purpose, a new modeling approach is proposed to estimate the expected impacts of project risks quantitatively in terms of the project cost and the project time. This framework incorporates Directed A-cyclic Graph (DAG) into the Overall Project Risk (OPR) concept.
2016
Abstract: As projects are facing tight constraints, uncertainty and change, risk management is a very important issue in project management. Our goal is to provide a project office manager or a project manager with one or more adequate Project Risk Management (PRM) methods. In order to achieve this goal, we propose a typology of PRM methods and a list of criteria that should be considered when choosing the methods, by screening and ranking. Finally, we propose a Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) model that could be used to select the methods. An application on an industrial case study is presented and some conclusions and perspectives are drawn.
Business Systems Research Journal, 2020
Background: To stay competitive in a highly unpredictable market of today, companies must be able to manage project risks effectively. The basis for an effective risk management is a thorough risk analysis. Despite the availability of many different risk analysis approaches, companies can be reluctant to use them, since the models are usually complex and very time consuming. Objectives: The main objective is to present a simple, yet effective risk analysis approach that can also serve as a useful basis for resolving project risks. Methods/Approach: The proposed standard risk analysis approach is based on a standard risk model that deals with risk events and impacts separately and therefore allows for a separate planning of preventive and corrective measures. To classify risks and to represent them graphically, a risk map is used. Results: The use of the proposed approach is illustrated on a die-cast tool development project. The approach proved to be very simple to use and it served...
International journal of project management, 2001
This paper makes a case for a shift to strategy-based project management, a component of which is real time management of risks, uncertainties and opportunities using a life cycle project management approach. Risk analysis and management should not be viewed as a separate planning and response operation. Risk and opportunity management is a way of thinking and a philosophy that should permeate the entire spectrum of project activities. Shifting to business objectives and focusing on the whole of life risks/ rewards are of paramount importance. Evaluation of risks must be based not only on delivering projects on time and within budget but also on crafting, developing and operating a long term business entity which can deliver the business objectives of the parties concerned while meeting or exceeding community expectations. #
2021
Finally, we contend that this decision-making process contributes to the company's PRM process as well as the multinational PM phase. Specifically, more appropriate PRM approach would allow for a decrease in the effect of risks as well as the likelihood of these risks happening. As a result, both the rate of project completion and the quality of project results should be increased. This decision-making mechanism could be used as a practical criteria specification for a successful PRM approach, and then a extra descriptive and more appropriate methods developed.
4th DBA & DMC Annual Doctoral Colloquium, 2014
Despite the recognized criticality of project success for organizations, a considerable proportion of projects continue to either not meet their due dates, exceed budget, do not deliver the specifications, miss quality, underestimate risk or do not meet customer satisfaction. Risk management contributes to overall project success. This paper analyses how risk is classified and processed through the major risk tools. It also examines how effective the risk management tools in the different management methodologies are. However, the effectiveness of the project risk management process is difficult to prove. A number of authors have developed and applied specific industry risk management frameworks in projects. The value of their reports resides in the opportunity to explicitly attribute project success to the use of specific risk management activities. Their studies suggest risk identification, risk reporting, risk registration and risk allocation, risk analysis and risk control to be the most influential risk management activities. Risk does not affect all organizations equally, those dealing more effectively with specific contingencies achieve more successful projects. Risk matrices are one of the most popular risk management tools. Their design is arbitrary and the results are inconsistent. The use of available quantitative data combined with the employment of decision-making tools may considerably contribute to the improved effectiveness of project risk management.
Purpose -There is relatively low implementation of formal project risk management methods in practice, leading to the construction industry consistently suffering from poor project performance. This study aims to ascertain the extent to which current project risk management practices are used by construction contractors in one of the countries of the sub-Saharan region -Malawi. Design/methodology/approach -A management process tool with statement indicators linked to numerical scores was conceived that characterised a series of steps of project risk management process. To ascertain the degree to which project risk management processes were used, a questionnaire survey was employed. Data were elicited from registered Malawian construction contractors on the elements underlining a series of steps of project risk management process as espoused by the literature. Out of 84 sampled construction contractors, 51 completed questionnaires were received. Findings -Apart from large-sized and more experienced construction contractors, all the small and medium-sized construction contractors -which constitute the largest proportion of the construction industry -were characterised by a low implementation of the various required steps for the project risk management process. The application of project risk management processes was significantly influenced by the various categories of size and experience of the surveyed construction contractors at p , 0:01. Furthermore, contingence planning within the series of steps of project risk management process featured highly among the surveyed construction contractors. The majority of the variables under the series of steps of project risk management process were positively and significantly linked to progression in size and experience of construction contractors at p , 0:01. Research limitations/implications -The study forms the basis for further research; replication of this study to other parts of world about how the actual implementation of the series of steps of project risk management process is undertaken could yield rich lessons for the construction industry. Practical implications -The intentional move by industry towards measuring management processes as a precursor to uncovering the root causes that underlie project success or failure to provide quick feedback for remedial action is supported by an approach such as this. Originality/value -The originality of this paper lies in its uniqueness for a systematic approach to quantifying the project risk management processes with the view to understanding the implementation behaviours of construction contractors in one country in the sub-Saharan region.
Texila International Journal of Management, 2025
This research explores the crucial role of risk management in enhancing project success amid prevalent project failures linked to inadequate risk practices. In today’s complex project environments, organizations face uncertainties that can derail objectives and hinder performance. Despite a focus on effective project management methodologies, many projects still fall short of meeting their goals due to overlooked risks and insufficient assessment processes. This study aims to identify common risks affecting project success across sectors and evaluate current risk management practices among project managers. By employing both quantitative and qualitative methods, this study highlights significant gaps in existing practices and proposes a comprehensive framework for integrating risk management throughout the project lifecycle. The research findings provide actionable insights and practical recommendations to improve project outcomes and advance the field of project management by enhancing understanding of effective risk management strategies.
Risk is defined as an event that has a probability of occurring, and could have either a positive or negative impact to a project should that risk occur.(Van Scoy, 1992) Risk management is a broad factor affecting quite a number of business sectors however it’s also a factor which must be addressed by every human being on earth regarding their way of living otherwise if ignored human life is left in harm’s way and susceptible to death, diseases and poverty. However to a project, risk management is an ongoing process that continues through the life of a project. It includes processes for risk management planning, identification, analysis, monitoring and control. Many of these processes are updated throughout the project lifecycle as new risks can be identified at any time. It’s the objective of risk management to decrease the probability and impact of events adverse to the project. On the other hand, any event that could have a positive impact should be exploited. (Laurie Williams 2004). The purpose of this Essay is to address the challenge of dealing with risks and opportunities professionally which is becoming one of the key success factors in business today. Most companies have realized the requirements turbulent markets present and have started to adapt to this turbulence. But risks and opportunities are greater in turbulent markets, so they call for active strategic risk management.
2019
The objectives of this study were to research into the interdependencies IT project control variables, and also come out with frameworks to help IT project managers understand how to effectively control these variables to ensure the success of IT projects. The study employed six control variables: Cost, Time (Schedule), Scope, Quality, Risk, and Benefits. A qualitative approach was adopted, where selected IT program and project managers of the Telecom industry in Ghana were interviewed individually and in a group based on a set of questions. The findings, espoused in the frameworks, reiterated the theory of the dependence of one control variable on the other, and the fact that varying one affects the others positively or negatively in relation to IT project success, as is the case for the iron triangle. Again, key activities of the control variables necessary to ensure IT project success were discovered.
2017 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), 2017
Attribution-You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial-You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike-If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012) Title of the thesis or dissertation. PhD. (Chemistry)/ M.Sc. (Physics)/ M.A.
IRJET, 2023
To accomplish project goals in terms of time, money, quality, and degree, it has been determined that managing risks is an essential management procedure for foundation development projects. Using a thorough analysis of agreement states, this research recognises dangers and divides them into eight categories. It is seen in a personal way. The project's objectives are believed to be most affected by risk analysis, social and political opposition, plan revisions, and work suspension. Several suggestions for reducing development project hazards, or mitigation techniques, have been found through this research. The contract agreements are used as a tool to manage risk, and the client, contractors, and financial backers or institutions that are sponsoring the project must outline any risks to the executive's plan during the project's lifespan. From the attainability stage onward, it is anticipated that clients, contractors, project workers, and governmental organisations will work together to resolve projected hazards in due course.
International Journal of Project Management, 1999
This paper provides some thoughts about success criteria for IS–IT project management. Cost, time and quality (The Iron Triangle), over the last 50 years have become inextricably linked with measuring the success of project management. This is perhaps not surprising, since over the same period those criteria are usually included in the description of project management. Time and costs are at best, only guesses, calculated at a time when least is known about the project. Quality is a phenomenon, it is an emergent property of peoples different attitudes and beliefs, which often change over the development life-cycle of a project. Why has project management been so reluctant to adopt other criteria in addition to the Iron Triangle, such as stakeholder benefits against which projects can be assessed? This paper proposes a new framework to consider success criteria, The Square Route.
This work describes the basic elements of a risk management method supplementing a number of different public domain approaches, such as PRM body of knowledge from Project Management Institute, CTC from the Software Engineering Institute, the Euromethod strategy model, those described by McFarlan, Archibald, and others. Although the SAFE method originated in the field of information and communication technology, it may easily be extended to other domains of application. It encourages the Project Manager to gain as complete an awareness as possible of the individual, meaningful causes of risk for a specific project, by examining general and particular checklists, and by using creative group techniques and interaction. The risk definition phase is followed by a phase to plan and carry out intervention aimed at reducing the likelihood that damaging events will occur, or the extent of the expected damage. In any case, the point of arrival is the awareness that each profitable enterprise...
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