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2016, Psychiatria polska
The aim of this paper was to characterise nonspecific eating disorders (other than anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa). The Medline database was searched for articles on nonspecific eating disorders. The following disorders were described: binge eating disorder (BED), pica, rumination disorder, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, night eating syndrome (NES), sleep-related eating disorder (SRED), bigorexia, orthorexia, focusing on diagnosis, symptoms, assessment, comorbidities, clinical implications and treatment. All of the included disorders may have dangerous consequences, both somatic and psychological. They are often comorbid with other psychiatric disorders. Approximately a few percent of general population can be diagnosed with each disorder, from 0.5-4.7% (SRED) to about 7% (orthorexia). With the growing literature on the subject and changes in DSM-5, clinicians recognise and treat those disorders more often. More studies have to be conducted in order to differentiat...
International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2003
Objective: To review the literature on the incidence and prevalence of eating disorders. Methods: We searched Medline using several key terms relating to epidemiology and eating disorders and we checked the reference lists of the articles that we found. Special attention has been paid to methodologic problems affecting the selection of populations under study and the identification of cases. Results: An average prevalence rate for anorexia nervosa of 0.3% was found for young females. The prevalence rates for bulimia nervosa were 1% and 0.1% for young women and young men, respectively. The estimated prevalence of binge eating disorder is at least 1%. The incidence of anorexia nervosa is 8 cases per 100,000 population per year and the incidence of bulimia nervosa is 12 cases per 100,000 population per year. The incidence of anorexia nervosa increased over the past century, until the 1970s. Discussion: Only a minority of people who meet stringent diagnostic criteria for eating disorders are seen in mental health care. # 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 383-396, 2003.
2013
The eating disorders have been reviewed based on state-of-art of contemporary psychology, medicine and nutrition science, with a special emphasis put on different symptoms and forms, origins and testing methods. Among promoting eating disorders, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, night eating disorder, sleep-related eating disorder are among officially approved and investigated. Among disorders resulting from lack of acceptance of own appearance, anorexia nervosa and bigorexia nervosa are the most serious improper ones. Disorders arising from health care include orthorexia nervosa and recently pregorexia. Different origins of eating disorders are considered, divided into three groups: social, psychological and pathological. The desire to possess a slim shapely silhouette and young appearance, usually under pressure of a social group, may result in disorders such as anorexia nervosa, pregorexia, ageorexia, and bigorexia nervosa. On the other hand, the focusing on eating mainly the biological pure food, being a purely psychological and individual problem, may be a source of orthorexia nervosa. Majority of disorders have a psychological background constituting the escape and an answer to everyday life problems difficult to overcome. Recently, pathology is often considered as an additional and important determinant, which may cause or enhance the appearance of binge eating or night eating disorder. The eating disorders, if not subject to proper therapy and advising, can tend to incline and develop. The further research in order to properly recognise the eating disorders, and find their roots, is necessary at a strict cooperation of psychologists, physicians and nutritionists or dietetics.
2002
Binge eating disorder (BED) is a new proposed eating disorder in the DSM-IV. BED is not a formal diagnosis within the DSM-IV, but in day-to-day clinical practice the diagnosis seems to be generally accepted. People with the BED-syndrome have binge eating episodes as do subjects with bulimia nervosa, but unlike the latter they do not engage in compensatory behaviours. Although the diagnosis BED was created with the obese in mind, obesity is not a criterion. This paper gives an overview of its epidemiology, characteristics, aetiology, criteria, course and treatment. BED seems to be highly prevalent among subjects seeking weight loss treatment (1.3 -30.1%). Studies with compared BED, BN and obesity indicated that individuals with BED exhibit levels of psychopathology that fall somewhere between the high levels reported by individuals with BN and the low levels reported by obese individuals. Characteristics of BED seemed to bear a closer resemblance to those of BN than of those of obesity.
2015
The prevalence of eating disorders is becoming an increasing problem in recent years. Eating disorders, located in avoidable disorders, have fatal complications and need to be well recognised by health professionals. Studies also indicate increasing rate of less-known eating disorders as well as commonly known types. Signs and symptoms, risk factors and treatment of eating disorders show a wide variation. Studies that will be conducted on the subject will; facilitate planning and determining the quality of health services. Especially health care workers with their work; will contribute to early diagnosis and treatment. In this review the epidemiology, aetiology, symptoms and risk groups of less -known eating disorders are evaluated.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1996
Current concepts of the eating disorders are reflected in the changing classification of these disorders, which in turn reflects the research of the past decade. Research in the past decade has also provided substantial evidence that the eating disorders are best understood within the conceptual frame of a multidimensional model. The numerous treatment approaches for the eating disorders reflect the various categories within this multidimensional model. This article addresses three major topics: classification of the eating disorders, the multidimensional conceptualization of eating disorders, and treatment studies. CLASSIFICATION OF EATING DISORDERS The three criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN) proposed by Russell more than 20 years ago are stilled embedded in the latest DMS-IV criteria.' These criteria are: (a) refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height, (b) intense fear of gaining weight, and (4 amenorrhea-the
Nutrients
Since the post-pandemic period, there has been an increase in the incidence of eating disorders (EADs) and a lowering of the age of onset. In addition to the ‘classic’ forms, there has also been an increase in new forms of EADs. This article proposes a brief review of the literature concerning mainly two of these new disorders: atypical anorexia and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. In addition, a brief overview is proposed of the most frequently raised questions that clinicians may face when dealing with EADs. The answers are provided by doctors from the Federico II University of Naples, who additionally offer the most common red flags on the topic derived from long clinical experience. This article is proposed to be a brief operational guide for all clinicians working in the pediatric area in order to provide diagnostic clues and useful elements to refer patients to specialists for a correct and multidisciplinary treatment.
Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory & Research
Eating Disorders chapter of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Although BED is considered one of the most common eating disorders, symptoms often go unrecognized and untreated (Striegel-Moore et al. 2010). In this article, BED criteria are reviewed and guidelines for assessment, diagnosis, and treatment are offered. A case study is also provided to illustrate the application of BED utilizing best practices.
Journal of Psychiatric Research, 1985
ANOREXIA nervosa and bulimia nervosa are appetitive behavioral disorders that have been studied comprehensively and with systematic methodologies only in the last 20 years. In the past decade an explosion of investigations of the eating disorders has produced epidemiological, clinical and physiological information necessary for devising a classification of the eating disorders. These eating behavior conditions are entities and not diseases with a common cause, common course, and a common pathology. The eating disorders are best conceptualized as syndromes and therefore must be classified on the basis of the cluster of symptoms that are present. Schizophrenia is another example of a behavioral syndrome. It is important to remember that the final outcome of a classification represents an arbitrary procedure even though research data are used to formulate the classification. The most useful classification will be one that will satisfy several purposes; mainly, (1) facilitate meaningful communication among clinicians, (2) facilitate research so that investigative findings can be replicated, (3) facilitate research by steering the direction of research and (4) facilitate treatment by assessing treatment efficacy through the use of careful classifying criteria. These principles of classification should be considered in the criticisms and revisions of the classification of the eating disorders. The term "anorexia nervosa" immediately brings to the minds of most clinicians a cluster of signs and symptoms that represents a familiar disorder to them. Although there are unsatisfactory aspects to this term (very few patients with this disorder have lost their appetite) the term which has been used for over 100 years is immediately recognizable as a specific disorder and therefore it's common usage has an advantage in communication. In an effort to be both precise and comprehensive, the Feighner criteria for anorexia nervosa were devised (Table 1, FEIGHNER et al., 1972). Although the goals of this effort were admirable, studies over the past 10 years have shown these criteria to be restrictive and not representative of the anorexia nervosa population. Specifically, epidemiological studies (HALMI et al., 1975; MORGAN and RUSSELL, 1975; THEANDER, 1970; Hsu et al., 1979) have shown that the occurrence of anorexia nervosa in patients over the age of 25 or even 30 is not uncommon. It no longer seems reasonable to use age as an exclusion criteria. Currently, there is no concensus as to how weight loss should be calculated for a diagnostic criterion for anorexia nervosa. Some investigators emphasize a total weight loss and others emphasize a weight loss below a normal weight for age and height. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III, 1980) requires a weight loss of 25% of original body weight as a necessary criterion for anorexia nervosa (Table 2). No one has shown that anorexia nervosa patients can be differentiated on other clinical
Journal of Clinical Medicine
Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is defined as an exaggerated, obsessive, pathological fixation on healthy food, healthy eating, or health-conscious eating behaviors. In the literature, there is an ongoing debate over whether ON should be considered simply a lifestyle phenomenon or a psychiatric disorder. In this vein, ON seems to share psychopathological characteristics with both eating disorders (EDs) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, there are insufficient data to reconcile the debate. The present study aimed at consolidating evidence on the clinical significance of ON and its relationship with EDs and OCD. A selective review of the literature published between January 2015 and March 2022 was conducted, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Ten studies were included. Some of these studies suggested that ON might follow a full-syndrome DSM-5 ED. Other studies proposed that ON and DSM-5 EDs may co-occur. Finally...
Progress in nutrition, 2018
Summary. There is a commonly held view that eating disorders are lifestyle choice. Eating disorders are actually serious and often fatal illnesses, obsessions with food, body weight, and shape may also signal an eating disorders. Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, night-eating syndrome, eating disorders not otherwise specified and binge-eating disorders. Eating disorders occur in men and women, young and old, rich and poor and from all cultural backgrounds; they result in about 7000 death a year as of 2010, making them the mental illnesses with the highest mortality rate. The chance for recovery increases the earlier they are detected, therefore, it is important to be aware of some of the warning signs of an eating disorder. In this review, different types of eating disorder, their side effects, complications and treatments are discussed.
European Journal of Internal Medicine, 2011
Background: Eating disorders are common health problems afflicting mainly female adolescents and young women. They are associated with important physical health and psychosocial morbidity, and carry increased risk of death. Their cause is not yet completely understood and their management is complex, with some patients resisting all available treatments. Aims of this review: To provide the readers with an update regarding our knowledge and understanding of eating disorders. Methods: Medline database has been used for searching articles on eating disorders published since 1980. The key words used were eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, bulimia, and binge eating. Professional books published during this period has been also reviewed. Conclusions: In the last 30 years a substantial improvement has been achieved both in the understanding and management of eating disorders, but many problems still need to be resolved. Three principal priorities should be addressed. First, the actual classification of eating disorders should be revised, since about half the cases seen in clinical practice receive a diagnosis of eating disorder not otherwise specified, and it is common to observe a migration between eating disorder diagnoses. Second, the research on pathogenesis should better clarify the exact role of genetic and environmental risk factors, and how they interact and vary across the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Third, there is an urgent need both to disseminate the few evidence-based treatments available, and to develop more potent treatments for all the eating disorder diagnostic categories.
The International journal of eating disorders, 2013
Psychiatry Research, 2012
The Night Eating Syndrome (NES) is a recently described disordered eating style whose status in current diagnostic systems needs to be further clarified. The aim of this study was to increase knowledge about the clinical features of NES in a sample of 1514 young adults aged 18-26 years from the general population who participated in an anonymous Internet survey. We first examined characteristics of NES and tried to delineate it from healthy controls as well as from other eating disorders in terms of socio-demography, eating disorder pathology and general psychopathology. Second, we attempted to further clarify the clinical utility of the NES by assessing the degree of distress as well as impairment. Twenty (1.3%) participants with NES were identified and there was only modest overlap between NES and both Binge Eating Disorder (BED) and Bulimia nervosa (BN) according to questionnaire-based DSM-IV criteria. Compared to healthy controls, NES individuals reported more pronounced eating disorder pathology as well as general psychopathology (depressive symptoms, chronic social stress). NES seems to be associated with considerable distress and impairment. Implications for the validity and classification of NES are discussed.
International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2003
Objective: Current controversy exists regarding the status of binge eating disorder (BED) as a diagnostic entity. A critique of the literature is provided to address the question of whether BED represents a clinically significant syndrome. Method: The scientific evidence is considered through addressing five questions that are key in evaluating the clinical utility of any mental disorder. Results: Individuals with BED meaningfully differ from individuals without eating disorders, and share important similarities to, yet are distinct from, individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). BED is associated with co-occurring physical and mental illnesses, as well as impaired quality of life and social functioning. Questions about the course of the disorder and the optimal treatment regimen for the syndrome need to be explored further. Discussion: BED's distinctive combination of core eating disorder psychopathology, and other co-occurring physical and psychiatric conditions, impaired psychosocial functioning, and overweight constitute an eating disorder of clinical severity and a significant public health problem.
International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering, 2022
The purpose of this review is to create awareness about Eating Disorders (ED) disease to the sufferers, their families, and the society in general. The disease threatens the health of millions of young girls aged roughly between 14 to 28 years and also some boys. The review will deal with the following topics related to Eating Disorders (ED): Hunger and why we feel hungry; discuss the causes of eating disorder (ED), which comprises of anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia Nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED); describe the ED’s relationship with psychological issues; throwing light on its relationship with physical complications; the availability of drugs for the treatment of ED; a set of guidelines for hospitalization of ED patients by the Society for Adolescent Medicine; elaboration of the important question of prevention of disease; the position of ED in India, the influx of social media, social and cultural values; requirement of serious attention to obtain a realistic picture of the ED issue. Finally, quarantine and self-isolation have undoubtedly caused negative consequences for one’s mental health due to separation from loved ones, loss of freedom, loss of income, and increased boredom.
The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 1995
Objective To highlight developments in the taxonomy of eating disorders since Russell's original description of bulimia nervosa (BN) in 1979 and through 3 versions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Method Criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN), BN and binge eating disorder (BED) are systematically described. Results While criteria for AN remain largely unchanged between DSM-III-R and DSM-IV, the subclassification of binge/purge and restricter subgroups endorses previous research findings. For BN, the definition of “binge” has occupied considerable attention both in quantitative and qualitative terms. The arbitrary choice of 2 episodes per week as a minimum frequency is also discussed in light of recent data from the Ontario Health Supplement. A third eating disorder, BED, is now included in the appendix of DSM-IV under Eating Disorders — Not Otherwise Specified category. The potential overlap between this disorder and nonpurging BN is discussed. Finally, the relationship bet...
… Journal of Eating …, 2007
Objective: Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) represent the most common eating disorder diagnosed in specialized treatment settings. The purpose of the current study is to assess the prevalence of EDNOS in a nationwide community sample. Method: Participants were 2028 female students, aged 12 to 23, attending public schools in the 9th to 12th grades in Portugal. Participants completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire in Stage 1 of the study. In Stage 2, we selected all the participants who met any of these criteria: (1) BMI = 17.5, (2) scores = 4 on any of the four EDE-Q Subscales, (3) a total EDE-Q score = 4, or, (4) the presence of dysfunctional eating behaviors. In Stage 2, eating disorder experts interviewed 901 participants using the Eating Disorder Examination. Results: The prevalence of all eating disorders was 3.06% among young females. Prevalence for anorexia nervosa was 0.39%, for bulimia nervosa 0.30%, EDNOS 2.37%. Conclusion: EDNOS is a very common eating disorder and accounts for three-quarters of all community cases with eating disorders
Journal of Adolescent Health, 2014
Purpose: Most studies of night eating syndrome (NES) fail to control for binge eating, despite moderate overlap between the two conditions. Establishing the independent clinical significance of NES is imperative for it to be considered worthy of clinical attention. We compared students with and without NES on eating disorder symptomatology, quality of life, and mental health, while exploring the role of binge eating in associations. Methods: Students (N ¼ 1,636) ages 18e26 years (M ¼ 20.9) recruited from 10 U.S. universities completed an online survey including the Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ), Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q), Project Eating Among Teens, and the Health-Related Quality of Life-4. NES was diagnosed according to endorsement of proposed diagnostic criteria on the NEQ. Groups (NES vs. non-NES) were compared on all dependent variables and stratified by binge eating status in secondary analyses. Results: The prevalence of NES in our sample was 4.2%; it decreased to 2.9% after excluding those with binge eating. Body mass index did not differ between groups, but students with NES were significantly more likely to have histories of underweight and anorexia nervosa. In students with NES, EDE-Q scores were significantly higher; purging, laxative use, and compulsive exercise were more frequent; quality of life was reduced; and histories of depression, attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, and self-injury were more common. Binge eating did not account for all of these differences; the presence of it and NES was associated with additive risk for psychopathology on some items. Conclusions: NES may be a distinct clinical entity from other DSM-5 eating disorders.
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2007
Eating disorder NOS" is the most common eating disorder encountered in outpatient settings yet it has been neglected. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of eating disorder NOS, establish its severity, and determine whether its high relative prevalence might be due to the inclusion of cases closely resembling anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. One hundred and seventy consecutive patients with an eating disorder were assessed using standardised instruments. Operational DSM-IV diagnoses were made and eating disorder NOS cases were compared with bulimia nervosa cases. Diagnostic criteria were then adjusted to determine the impact on the prevalence of eating disorder NOS. Cases of eating disorder NOS comprised 60.0% of the sample. These cases closely resembled the cases of bulimia nervosa in the nature, duration and severity of their psychopathology. Few could be reclassified as cases of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. The findings indicate that eating disorder NOS is common, severe and persistent. Most cases are "mixed" in character and not subthreshold forms of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. It is proposed that in DSM-V the clinical state (or states) currently embraced by the diagnosis eating disorder NOS be reclassified as one or more specific forms of eating disorder.
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