Safe Motherhood final

Texila International Journal of Medicine, 2019

Every minute a woman dies during labor or delivery. Approximately 529,000 women die from pregnancy related causes annually and almost all (99%) of these maternal deaths occur in developing nations. The highest maternal mortality rates are in Africa, with a lifetime risk of 1 in 16; the lowest rates are in western nations (1:2800), with a global ratio of 400 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. Causes of maternal mortality include postpartum hemorrhage, eclampsia, obstructed labor, sepsis, unsafe abortion, ectopic pregnancy, embolism etc. During the past years, increased recognition of these problems has led to the 'Safe Motherhood Initiative' by the World Health Organization in 1987, which was integrated into the goal of "Health for All in the year 2000.'' 45% of postpartum deaths occur within the first 24 hours and 66% occur during the first week. Of the estimated 211 million pregnancies, 46 million result in induced abortions. 60% of these abortions are unsafe and cause 68,000 deaths annually. With appropriate strategy and intensive implementation programs, some countries have made remarkable progress, not including many developing countries. Many developing nations face extreme challenges in the implementation of these strategies including lack of reliable data, shortage in human and financial resources, limited political commitment, pregnant women have minimal access to skilled labor and emergency care. Basic emergency obstetric interventions such as antibiotics. Oxytocins, anticonvulsants, manual removal of placenta and instrumental vaginal delivery are vital to improve the chance of survival.

Norsk Epidemiologi, 2009

The neglected tragedy of persistent high maternal mortality in the low-income countries is described. One of the millennium development goals states that the current number of maternal deaths of around 500,000 per year should be reduced by three quarters by 2015. Since the major causes and avenues for prevention are known, this may seem an achievable goal. It is concluded, however, that unless all stakeholders globally and within individual countries will demonstrate a real commitment to translate policy statements into actions, it is unlikely that the goal will be reached. A substantial increase in the resources for reproductive health care services is needed, and the human resource crises in the health care systems must be urgently addressed. Epidemiologists have an important role to play by designing randomized controlled trials for estimating the effect of different health care systems interventions aimed at reducing maternal mortality and other major health problems in low reso...

Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Aim: To present the data from United Nations 2005 and 2015 Millennium Development Goals (MDG) reports. Results: The World is faced with the increasing problem of inequality. That is why millennium declaration was signed in the year 2000. The United Nations millennium declaration embodies an agreement that developing countries will work to maintain sound economies, to ensure their own development and to address human and social needs. Developed countries, in turn, agree to support poorer countries through aid, trade, and debt relief. A meaningful partnership between rich and poor must also address developing countries' need for technology, medicines, and jobs for their populations, particularly for the growing ranks of young people. In this paper, two MDG reports from 2005 to 2015 were presented with the analysis of the reasons for which the targets of MDG were not met and how World

Journal of Perinatal Medicine

Maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and the site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management. Maternal mortality (MM) and morbidity are a public health issue, with scarce knowledge on their levels and causes in low-income (LIC) countries. The data on MM and morbidity should rely on population-based studies which are non-existent. Therefore, maternal mortality ratio (MMR) estimates are based mostly on the mathematical models. MMR declined from 430 per 100,000 live births (LB) in 1990 to 211 in 2017. Absolute numbers of maternal deaths were 585,000 in 1990, 514,500 in 1995 and less than 300,000 nowadays. Regardless of reduction, MM remains neglected tragedy especially in LIC. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) declared reduction MMR by three quarters between 2000 and 2015, which failed. Target of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)...

2017

Globalization and Health, 2015

Background: Although most of maternal deaths are preventable, maternal mortality reduction programs have not been completely successful. As targeting individuals alone does not seem to be an effective strategy to reduce maternal mortality (Millennium Development Goal 5), the present study sought to reveal the role of many distant macrostructural factors affecting maternal mortality at the global level. Methods: After preparing a global dataset, 439 indicators were selected from nearly 1800 indicators based on their relevance and the application of proper inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then Pearson correlation coefficients were computed to assess the relationship between these indicators and maternal mortality. Only indicators with statistically significant correlation more than 0.2, and missing values less than 20% were maintained. Due to the high multicollinearity among the remaining indicators, after missing values analysis and imputation, factor analysis was performed with principal component analysis as the method of extraction. Ten factors were finally extracted and entered into a multiple regression analysis.

Global Public Health, 2012

In safe motherhood programming in the developing world, insufficient attention has been given to maternal morbidity, which can extend well beyond childbirth. For every woman who dies of pregnancy-related causes, an estimated 20 women experience acute or chronic morbidity. Maternal morbidity adversely affects families, communities and societies. Maternal morbidity has multiple causes, with duration ranging from acute to chronic, severity ranging from transient to permanent and with a range of diagnosis and treatment options. This article addresses six selected relatively neglected aspects of maternal morbidity to illustrate the range of acute and chronic morbidities that can affect women related to pregnancy and childbearing that are prevalent in developing countries: anaemia, maternal depression, infertility, fistula, uterine rupture and scarring and genital and uterine prolapse. Based on this review, recommendations to reduce maternal morbidity include: expand the focus of safe motherhood to explicitly include morbidity; improve data on incidence and prevalence of maternal morbidity; link mortality and morbidity outcomes and programming; increase access to facility-and community-based maternal health care and reproductive health care; and address the antecedents to poor maternal health through a lifecycle approach. incur costs and debt for treatment (Ronsmans 2009), and can affect women's ability to work, resulting in loss of productivity and negative outcomes for infants and children (Hoque and Powell-Jackson 2010). An analysis of the global costs of maternal disability calculated an annual cost of US$6.8 billion .

International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics, 1988

A half million women die yearly around the world as a result of pregnancy. Many of these deaths are inaccurately classified and many others are not reported at all, but new demographic techniques have clarified causes of maternal mortality and improved estimates of rates. New data from several less developed countries suggest that many maternal deaths could be prevented by measures already demonstrated to be effective elsewhere. These include better antenatal and in trapartum care, contraception for women who want no more pregnancies, legal abortion to terminate unwanted pregnancies, and uterine aspiration and antibiotics for treatment of septic abortion.

International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2000

Every year, approximately 600 000 women die of pregnancy-related causes ᎏ 98% of these deaths occur in developing countries. For every woman who dies, at least 30 suffer injuries and often, permanent disability. The challenge today is to re-orient programmes on priority interventions, and to mobilize sufficient resources for their implementation. More resources have been put into antenatal care than into delivery care and the management of complications of births and unsafe abortions. This article describes the effective strategies for reducing maternal death, their policy requirements and programmatic implications, and provides examples of successful developing Ž . country programmes. Priority interventions include: 1 improving availability and use of essential obstetric care for Ž . Ž . the management of complications; 2 strengthening family planning services; 3 ensuring skilled attendance at birth; Ž .