Quantum correlations close to a square pattern forming instability

2006

Rod Brownly a technical officer at Ensis carried out a pilot study to determine the best Plant Canopy Analyser sampling technique. I declare that any ideas or quotations from the work of other people, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with standard referencing practices of the biological and forestry sciences. I acknowledge the helpful guidance and suggestions of my supervisors. Signed: Date: _____________________________________________________________________ iii ABSTRACT This study examined leaf area index (LAI) and relationships with corresponding tree growth, climate and soil characteristics across New Zealand forest plantations. The aim of this study was to determine if quick measures of projected leaf area across environmental gradients of New Zealand were an accurate indicator of site quality. Projected leaf areas of Pinus radiata D Don and Cupressus lusitanica Mills seedlings were measured using a Li-Cor LAI-2000 plant canopy analyser at 22 locations representing the soil and climatic diversity across New Zealand plantation forests. Seedlings planted at 40 000 stems per hectare were used to test treatment effects of fertiliser, site disturbance and species over a 4 year period. It was hypothesised that collected climate and soil information would explain differences in LAI development patterns across sites as the canopies approached site and seasonal maxima. Averaged across sites Cupressus lusitanica 7.28 (± 2.59 Std.) m 2 m -2 had significantly (p = 0.0094) greater projected LAI's than Pinus radiata 6.47 (± 2.29) m 2 m -2 . Maximum site LAI (LAI max ) varied from 2.9 to 11.8 m 2 m -2 for Pinus radiata and from 3.1 to 12.6 m 2 m -2 for Cupressus lusitanica. LAI max of both species was significantly and positively correlated with vapour pressure deficit, soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and CEC, but negatively with solar radiation, temperature and soil bulk density. A seasonal model of LAI across sites illustrated an 8.5% fluctuation in LAI of established canopies over the course of a year. Despite considerable variation in climate and soil characteristics across sites the combined effects of LAI at harvest and temperature were significantly correlated with site productivity (r 2 = 0.84 and 0.76 for Pinus radiata and Cupressus lusitanica respectively). A national model of LAI max (r 2 = 0.96) was proposed for Pinus radiata across climate and soil environments and the significance of LAI max as a component of site quality monitoring tools is discussed.

Hindustani music: thirteenth to twentieth centuries Bor, Joep, New Delhi, Manohar, 2010

Intonation, and in particular the concept of shruti, has perhaps received more scholarly attention than any other topic in Indian art music. After the Natyasastra, the first work to discuss shrutis extensively, virtually all treatises on music have elaborated, criticized or commented upon this issue. Shruti is intimately linked to the fundamental concept of svara. Whereas svara is a musical note or scale degree, shruti is a more subtle division of the octave. From early times, an octave was said to contain twenty-two shrutis, and as we shall see, the relation between shruti and svara has been a major source of confusion. It has not been uncommon to refer to shrutis as microtones or quarter tones, but with twenty-two shrutis to divide over seven svara in an octave, this clearly presents a mathematical problem.