Qualitative and Quantitative Research

2022

1974

Questionnaires are prepared by many people who have not had specialized training an3 experience.in survey techniques. This booklet was prepared to assist such nonspecialists in the preparation of efficient and useful questionnaires by providing a brief, readable guide for the development of vestioas for management decisions. This discussion is concerned primarily with kinds of questions that elicit information about attitudes and opinions. The first step in developing a good questionnaire is to examine th,t. context in which the data derived from the questionnaire will be used. The kinds of decisions to be made, the chatacteristicb of the respondents, and the needs of those requesting the information are important contextual aspects. Secondly, item formats such as open-ended questions, two-way questions, and multiple choice questions must be considered along with some of the problems inherent in using the various item types. The items designed and selected for inclusion in the questionnaire should be unambiguous, appropriate fur the respondents, and not misleading. Pretesting the questionnaire affords a situation in which ineffective or poorly worded items can be discarded or modified. Suggestions are presented for accomplishing each phase of questionnaire design. (EH) FOrifEWORD Policy, purchase, and other management decisions are often made using information from consumers, students, workers, teachers, or other groups with experimental tryout or other, longer-term relevant experience. Usually such information comes from a written questionnaire directed to a sample of the group. Questionnaires are prepared by many people who have not had specialized training and experience in survey techniques. This booklet was prepared to assist such nonspecialists in the preparation of efficient and useful questionnaires by providing a brief, readable guide for the development of questions for management decisions (questions for achievement or other tests for individual assessment are not considered in this booklet). This material is based upon work done at HumRRO Division No. 4, Columbus, Georgia, as part of a research program performed under contract to the Department of the Army. That work was presented in a booklet specifically prepared for Army use, and issued as a HumRRO Research Product, A Guide for Developing Questionnaire Items, Ja...uary 1970.

Student BMJ, 2001

Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2019

Qualitative research provides explorative, descriptive, comparison basis and room for model testing in the research community. Model testing includes the systematic assessment of a single hypothesis or a set of multiple related hypotheses.

RENA MAHINAY LIHAYLIHAY, 2022

Critical Thinking in Psychology, 2006

Much of what we know about human behavior is based on self-reports. When we want to learn about individuals' health behaviors, consumer habits, family problems, media consumption, values or political beliefs, we ask appropriate questions. The answers provided to these questions serve as input into scientific analyses and provide the basis of statistical indicators used to describe the state of a society. Obviously, these data are only as meaningful as the questions we ask and the answers we receive. Moreover, whom we ask is of crucial importance to our ability to draw conclusions that extend beyond the particular people who answered our questions. Accordingly, the processes underlying question answering and the appropriate selection of respondents are of great importance to many areas of social research.

Language Teaching Research, 2015

Qualitative and descriptive research methods have been very common procedures for conducting research in many disciplines, including education, psychology, and social sciences. These types of research have also begun to be increasingly used in the field of second language teaching and learning. The interest in such methods, particularly in qualitative research, is motivated in part by the recognition that L2 teaching and learning is complex. To uncover this complexity, we need to not only examine how learning takes place in general or what factors affect it, but also provide more in-depth examination and understanding of individual learners and their behaviors and experiences. Qualitative and descriptive research is well suited to the study of L2 classroom teaching, where conducting tightly controlled experimental research is hardly possible, and even if controlled experimental research is conducted in such settings, the generalizability of its findings to real classroom contexts are questionable. Therefore, Language Teaching Research receives many manuscripts that report qualitative or descriptive research. The terms qualitative research and descriptive research are sometimes used interchangeably. However, a distinction can be made between the two. One fundamental characteristic of both types of research is that they involve naturalistic data. That is, they attempt to study language learning and teaching in their naturally occurring settings without any intervention or manipulation of variables. Nonetheless, these two types of research may differ in terms of their goal, degree of control, and the way the data are analyzed. The goal of descriptive research is to describe a phenomenon and its characteristics. This research is more concerned with what rather than how or why something has happened. Therefore, observation and survey tools are often used to gather data (Gall, Gall, & Borg, 2007). In such research, the data may be collected qualitatively, but it is often analyzed quantitatively, using frequencies, percentages, averages, or other statistical analyses to determine relationships. Qualitative research, however, is more holistic and often involves a rich collection of data from various sources to gain a deeper understanding of individual participants, including their opinions, perspectives, and attitudes. Qualitative research collects data qualitatively, and the method of analysis is

1998

International Journal of Management, Technology, and Social Sciences (IJMTS), 2020

In quantitative research methodology, the empirical research method is finding importance due to its effectiveness in carrying out research in social sciences, business management, and health sciences. The empirical research method contains the procedure of developing a model to find the relationship between different variables identified in a problem. Based on developing hypotheses and testing hypotheses, one can examine and improve the model to explain realworld phenomena. The empirical research method consists of using a survey-based questionnaire to collect the data to identify and interrelate variables present in the problem. It is a comparatively difficult task to design and develop an effective, efficient, and psychometrically perfect questionnaire to be used for research data collection in empirical and clinical research settings. This paper provides a reference on guidelines and framework for developing suitable questionnaires for use in social sciences, business management, medical, and paramedical research with a special emphasis on various stages of questionnaire preparation, preliminary questionnaire testing, and validation (reliability & validity) of the questionnaire using a number of statistical methods. The paper throws light on data collection and analysis stages before the finalization of the developed model for testing hypotheses in empirical research by providing guidelines for the design, development, and translation of questionnaires for application in the above-mentioned research fields. The different types of validation processes required for cleaning the data by various measuring instruments in experimental research are also discussed for comparison. A framework is suggested to guide researchers through the various stages of questionnaire design, development, and improvement using suitable statistical methods to assess the reliability and validity of the questionnaire used in empirical research and validation of the data obtained in experimental research.

Assessing Governance Matrices in Co-Operative Financial Institutions (CFI's) , 2020