Water Resources Systems : Modelling Techniques and Analysis

2005

Water Resource Systems Planning and Management

Planning, designing, and managing water resource systems today inevitably involve impact prediction. Impact prediction can be aided by the use of models. While acknowledging the increasingly important role of modeling in water resource planning and management, we also acknowledge the inherent limitation of models as representations of any real system. Model structure, input data, objectives, and other assumptions related to how the real system functions or will behave under alternative infrastructure designs and management policies or practices may be controversial or uncertain. Future events are always unknown and of course any assumptions about them may affect model outputs, i.e., their predictions. As useful as they may be, the results of any quantitative analysis are always only a part of the information that should be considered by those involved in the overall planning and management decision-making process.

AIP, 2024

In the present context, the utility of mathematical modeling approaches in water management is increasing exponentially. These models are being used to manage the complex nature of water contamination and further in providing the quantitative forecasts. The larger application of these models is in managing of polluted water where it is difficult to get the exact information regarding the contamination. The present study aims to explore the water management process and how it can be managed through the mathematical models. Even, the study will explore the expansion of quantitative models to addresses the challenges to water management and redefine the shape of future research towards water management. Further, the study will emphasis on rethinking on the water utility and further, about the re-utilization for various applications which ultimately help the society.

Modeling is increasingly being used in water resources and river basin management, primarily because of its enormous ability to store, analyze and display numerical and spatial data. Experts as well as researchers and users apply models and software products for simulation and solutions in a variety of commercial water projects and research studies over the worldwide for long years. The need for modeling was alerted by the complexity and complications of water problems, and necessity of determination of many involved parameters, through sophisticated steps. Feasibility, environmental friendly, and sustainability of agricultural/water systems required integrated vision and assessment. As the river basin has been acknowledged to be the major unit of analysis to address the challenges facing water management; modeling at this scale can provide essential aid for policy and decisions makers on water management and water allocation. Complexity and complication of eco-agricultural systems, determine the need for compiling system of models. Though this, there are several possible approaches for chaining mathematical models or coupling them with GIS platform, depending on the objective, data availability, models' resilience, and modeler skills. This paper outlines some methods and challenges related to applying mathematical modeling to simulate performance of water management projects. Review includes the "on-farm" and irrigation distribution network levels, regarding the impeded cropping, soil and environmental systems. This paper reviews the state of art of modeling selection and applications at canal and sub-basin network scales, with particular focus on the potential of coupled Agro-hydrologic models, presenting some modeling examples. For this, a comprehensive model survey, and reasonable model selection criteria were established. Furthermore; three successive modeling examples, developed by the author, were presented as: an On-Farm irrigation case on Songwe irrigation scheme (Tanzania) using model SIRMOD-III, an "Irrigation Network Operation" on RwimiRiver (Uganda) using (CANALMAN),and the third was applying an irrigation network module (CropMatch),developed by WMRI, in "Tanta Navigation Canal" assessment. Particularly, in such cases, modeling of irrigation networks and eco-agricultural interventions became most effective to verify functionality, guess efficiencies, validate consistency, and to avoid design mistakes and environmental hazard. Also through modeling chains, it was possible to enhance design assumptions, optimize operation scenarios, and to specify quantities and costs. Further results were reached by modeling such as: risk assessments, and prediction of productivity, feasibility, and profitability of those projects.

Uncertainty is in part about variability in relation to the physical characteristics of water resources systems. But uncertainty is also about ambiguity . Both variability and ambiguity are associated with a lack of clarity because of the behaviour of all system components, a lack of data, a lack of detail, a lack of structure to consider water resources management problems, working and framing assumptions being used to consider the problems, known and unknown sources of bias, and ignorance about how much effort it is worth expending to clarify the management situation. Climate change, addressed in this research project (CFCAS, 2008), is another important source of uncertainty that contributes to the variability in the input variables for water resources management.

آب و فاضلاب, 2018

Water quantity-quality equitable allocation model in river-reservoir systems provides the possibility of decision making on the amount of allocated water by considering the hydrological, economical, and environmental effects. Water allocation is done according to three criteria, namely equity, efficiency, and sustainability by considering uncertainties in hydrological parameters. In this method, at first a water quantity-quality allocation model was developed in GAMS optimization model based on the mentioned three criteria. Scenarios were built based on scenario optimization technique by identifying the uncertainties in the model inputs. Water was allocated using the initial model for each sub-scenario. Afterward, water allocation in each scenario was obtained by the tracking model. To assess the applicability of the proposed method, it was applied to Roodbal river basin in south-east of Fars province, south of Iran. After analyzing basic data, upstream inflow and TDS concentration ...

Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, 2020

Researches in hydrological modelling are aimed to the understanding of the behavior of hydrologic systems in an attempt to make better predictions and to address the major challenges in water resources systems. Hydrological modelling concept is concerned with the relationship of water, climate, soil and land use. Hydrological models are classified either as: conceptual or physical, lumped or distributed, deterministic or stochastic. Hydrological models are the main tools that hydrologist use with different purposes such as water resources management, storm water management, reservoir system analysis, flood prediction, climate change assessment and among others. Many hydrological models have been developed for different purposes. The methodology for using hydrological models include: definition of the problem and specifying the objectives, studying the data available, specifying the economic and social constraints, choosing a particular class of hydrological models, selecting a parti...

1981

Water resource systems have been an important part of resources and environment related research at IIASA since i.ts inception. As demands for water increase relative to supply, the intensity and efficiency of water resource management must be developed further. Ths in turn requires an increase in the degree of detail and sophstication of the analysis, including economic, social and environmental evaluation of water resources development alternatives aided by application of mathematical modeling techniques, to generate inputs for planning,design, and operational decisions. Ths paper is part of a collaborative study on water resources problems in South Western ~kkne, Swe den,pursued by IIASA in collaboration with the Swedish National Environmental Protection Board and the University of Lund. The paper describes the MITSIM-2 river basin simulation model and its application for analysis of a regional water supply system in South Western ~kkne region, Sweden. The MITSIM-2 model is an extended version of the MITSIM-1 model developed earlier at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts,USA. The results of the model application, although still of a p'reliminary nature, provide a good ilIustration of the usefulness of MITSIM-2 as an aid in water management decisions.

Reviews of Geophysics, 1979

Introduction The past four years have seen various statistical and optimization-simulation modeling techniques of increased quality and usefulness developed and applied to water resources system design and operating problems. Older modeling approaches continue to be improved and newer methods continue to be developed for the comprehensive analysis of larger complex problems. What distinguishes the last four years from the past is the major increase in the number of successful and useful applications of these mathematical modeling techniques. If success can be measured by the impact models have on our understanding and management of hydrologic or water resource systems, then any review of the recent literature (especially of the proceedings of various symposia and conferences on this subject) will demonstrate that these methods of analyses have matured and are being successfully used throughout the world. While many of these actual applications are not reported in professional journals, they are described in special reports and other unpublished documents. These documents represent a valuable source of information and experience. While indicating some deficiencies that point to future research needs, this experience demonstrates that when properly applied, these methods of analyses can provide information, not otherwise available, of value to those responsible for water resources planning and decision making. The experience gained from the application of systems analysis methods also demonstrates a continuing challenge to all practicing analysts, namely how to communicate the results of often highly sophisticated mathematical modeling techniques in a more meaningful manner to those needing the information. Much more research is needed and will probably be forthcoming in this mr ea. This review emphasizes the advances made in the last four years in the methods of analyses as opposed to particular case studies and other applications. The literature pertaining to the techniques of modeling hydrologic and water resources systems these past four years is grouped Copyright 1979 by the American Geophysical Union. Paper number 9R0475. 0034-6853/79/009R-0475506.00 into general subject areas. The review that follows discusses some of the recently developed methods and models for a) generating and managing hydrologic, economic and other data required for prediction and management, b) predicting and reducing water demand, c) predicting and managing water quality, d) designing and operating water supply reservoirs, e) managing groundwater resources, f) planning irrigation and other agricultural water systems, g) designing and operating urban water distribution and wastewater collection and treatment systems, h) controlling floods and reducing flood damages, i) planning and managing regional or river basin watersheds, and j) predicting other economic and energy impacts of water resources projects. The list of references accompanying this review is only a representative sample of well over 2,000 papers, reports and other documents of various types that have appeared in the subject area over the past four years.

Irrigation and Drainage, 2013

Quantitative analysis techniques have gained a great deal of popularity with decision-makers and analysts in recent years, and this is also the case in the hydrology sector. In this paper, the Basin-wide Holistic Integrated Water Assessment (BHIWA) model developed by the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) was updated by the author to simulate the water balance of the Yellow River Basin in China, as well as to analyse the impacts of land and water use on return flows of this basin under past (1980), present (2000), and future (2030 and 2050) conditions. Stochastic analysis was then carried out using the Monte Carlo simulation method, by randomly selecting sets of values for the probability distributions in the cell values and formulas to quantify the risks in terms of water quantity and quality resulting from return flow. The model amply demonstrates the serious water shortage situation in the future. Developing the strategy of water-saving measures would greatly enhance the efficiency of irrigation water use, and decrease water withdrawal for irrigation. In addition to this, a possible opportunity to transfer water from the Yangtze River to the Yellow River also came to light.