Impact of Nanoparticles on Cancer Therapy

Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 2022

Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity with a complex pathophysiology. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy and immune therapies are examples of traditional cancer treatments. However, drawbacks such as cytotoxicity, lack of selectivity, and multi drug resistance provide a significant challenges for a effective cancer treatment. The field of cancer diagnosis and therapy has undergone a revolution with the development of nanotechnology. Due to their unique benefits such as biocompatibility, less toxicity, more excellent stability higher permeability and retention effects and specific targeting, nanoparticles(1-100nm) can be utilized to treat the cancer. There are numerous major categories in to which nanoparticles fall. The unique nanoparticle medication delivery technology makes use of features of the tumour surroundings the tumour. Nanoparticles not only circumvent multi drug resistance but also address the shortcomings of conventional cancer treatments. Moreover, nanoparticles are being aggressively researched as new multi drug resistance pathways are uncovered and analysed. New ideas on cancer treatment have been opened up by the therapeutic implications of nanoformulations. The majority of research, however, is restricted to in vivo and in vitro studies, and the number of authorised nanodrugs has not increased enormously over time. This review covers a wide range of nanoparticle types, and approved nanoparticles for use in the treatment of cancer.

2019

Nanoparticles have received attention as promising delivery system of chemotherapy for cancer treatment. There are many mechanisms through which nanoparticles reaches the tumor site. Many nanoparticles delivery systems have been developed to solve problems associated with chemotherapeutic drugs such as solubility and stability or to increase tumor site specificity as by attachment of ligand to surface of nanoparticles. We provide a critical review about the factors affecting the delivery of nanoparticles to tumor site, mechanisms by which nanoparticles reach the tumor site, types of nanoparticles and limitation of nanomedicine.

Cancer nanotherapeutics are rapidly progressing and are being implemented to solve several limitations of conventional drug delivery systems such as nonspecific biodistribution and targeting, lack of water solubility, poor oral bioavailability, and low therapeutic indices. To improve the bio-distribution of cancer drugs, nanoparticles have been designed for optimal size and surface characteristics to increase their circulation time in the bloodstream. They are also able to carry their loaded active drugs to cancer cells by selectively using the unique pathophysiology of tumors, such as their enhanced permeability and retention effect and the tumor microenvironment. In addition to this passive targeting mechanism, active targeting strategies using ligands or antibodies directed against selected tumor targets amplify the specificity of these therapeutic nanoparticles. Drug resistance, another obstacle that impedes the efficacy of both molecularly targeted and conventional chemotherapeutic agents, might also be overcome, or at least reduced, using nanopar-ticles. Nanoparticles have the ability to accumulate in cells without being recognized by P-glycoprotein, one of the main mediators of multidrug resistance, resulting in the increased intra-cellular concentration of drugs. Multifunctional and multiplex nanoparticles are now being actively investigated and are on the horizon as the next generation of nanoparticles, facilitating personal-ized and tailored cancer treatment.

Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology

Cancer nanotherapeutics are swiftly progressing and are being applied to solve several limitations of conventional drug delivery systems such as non-specific biodistribution and targeting, lack of water solubility and poor oral bioavailability. Advances in protein engineering and materials science have contributed to novel nanoscale targeting approaches that may bring new hope to cancer patients. Several therapeutic nanocarriers have been approved for clinical use. Nanoparticles have been designed for optimal size and surface characteristics to improve their biodistribution and to increase their circulation time in the bloodstream. By selectively using the unique pathophysiology of tumours, such as their enhanced permeability and retention effect nanotherapeutics are able to carry loaded active drug to cancer cells. In addition to this passive targeting mechanism, active targeting strategies using ligands or antibodies directed against selected tumour targets magnify the specificity of these therapeutic nanoparticles. Drug resistance, another obstacle can also be overcome or reduced by using nanoparticles. Multifunctional and multiplex nanoparticles are now being actively investigated and are on the horizon as the next generation of nanoparticles, facilitating personalized and tailored cancer treatment.

ISRN Nanotechnology, 2014

Nanoparticles are rapidly being developed and trialed to overcome several limitations of traditional drug delivery systems and are coming up as a distinct therapeutics for cancer treatment. Conventional chemotherapeutics possess some serious side effects including damage of the immune system and other organs with rapidly proliferating cells due to nonspecific targeting, lack of solubility, and inability to enter the core of the tumors resulting in impaired treatment with reduced dose and with low survival rate. Nanotechnology has provided the opportunity to get direct access of the cancerous cells selectively with increased drug localization and cellular uptake. Nanoparticles can be programmed for recognizing the cancerous cells and giving selective and accurate drug delivery avoiding interaction with the healthy cells. This review focuses on cell recognizing ability of nanoparticles by various strategies having unique identifying properties that distinguish them from previous antic...

Nanotechnology has achieved the status as one of the vital research endeavors of 21st century, which may be called as “Nano-Century” with nanotechnology making its presence felt in different spheres of lives. Nanotechnology may be defined as the creation of materials, drugs and devices that are used to manipulate matter of size in the range of 1-100nm. Nanotechnology has found its applications in many fields related to medicine including novel drug delivery systems. Many different types of nanosystems have been utilized in diagnostics and therapeutics of various diseases. To subside the disadvantages of conventional cancer therapeutics, nanotechnology has been given considerable attention. The purpose of this expert review is to discuss the impact of nanotechnology in the treatment of the cancer. These have been applied to improve drug delivery and to overcome some of the problems of drug delivery in cancer. Current nanotechnology platforms for cancer therapeutics encompass a vast a...

international journal of engineering technology and management sciences, 2024

In this paper, the role of nanoparticles which is revolutionizing the cancer treatment is presented in brief. The nanoparticles have become a popular choice in drug delivery due to their unique physicochemical properties, which offer various advantages for drug solubility improvement, specific cell targeting, controlled drug release, protection against degradation or elimination, and reduced toxicity to healthy cells. These properties have made nanoparticles a valuable tool in drug delivery for a wide range of diseases. Nanoparticles can be engineered to specifically target cells or tissues, which can increase drug efficacy while reducing side effects. Nanoparticles can also improve drug solubility in water, leading to better delivery and efficacy of poorly soluble drugs. Controlled drug release from nanoparticles provides sustained drug delivery, reducing the need for frequent dosing and improving patient compliance. Additionally, nanoparticles can protect drugs from degradation or...

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2017

Prior studies suggested that nano particle drug delivery might improve the therapeutic response to anticancer drugs and allow the simultaneous monitoring of drug uptake by tumours. Cancer nano therapeutics are rapidly progressing and are being implemented to solve several limitations of conventional drug delivery systems such as nonspecific bio distribution and targeting, lack of water solubility, poor oral bioavailability, and low therapeutic indices. To improve the bio distribution of cancer drugs, nano particles have been designed for optimal size and surface characteristics to increase their circulation time in the bloodstream. They are also able to carry their loaded active drugs to cancer cells by selectively using the unique pathophysiology of tumours, such as their enhanced permeability and retention effect and the tumor microenvironment. In addition to this passive targeting mechanism, active targeting strategies using ligands or antibodies directed against selected tumor targets amplify the specificity of these therapeutic nano particles. Drug resistance, another obstacle that impedes the efficacy of both molecularly targeted and conventional chemotherapeutic agents, might also be overcome, or at least reduced, using nano particles. Nano particles have the ability to accumulate in cells without being recognized by P-glycoprotein, one of the main mediators of multidrug resistance, resulting in the increased intracellular concentration of drugs. Multifunctional and multiplex nano particles are now being actively investigated and are on the horizon as the next generation of nano particles, facilitating personalized and tailored cancer treatment. Targeting methotrexate increased its antitumor activity and markedly decreased its toxicity, allowing therapeutic responses not possible with a free drug.

Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2012

The challenge of modern drug therapy is the optimization of the pharmacological action of the drugs coupled with the reduction of their toxic effects in vivo . The prime objectives in the design of drug delivery systems (DDS) are the controlled delivery of the drug to its site of action at a therapeutically optimal rate and dosage to avoid toxicity and improve the drug effectiveness and therapeutic index. DDS has improved many of the pharmacological properties of conventional ("free") drugs including particulate carriers which are primarily composed of lipids and/or polymers and their associated therapeutics. It alters the pharmacokinetics (PK) and biodistribution (BD) of the associated drugs or functions as drug reservoir or both. Nanoparticles provide a range of new opportunities to increase the targeting of currently approved diagnostic and therapeutic agents to cancers. Nanoparticles carrying a chemotherapeutic can reduce the undesirable distribution of such agents. Th...

International Journal of Cancer, 2007

The diagnosis and treatment of cancer or tumor at the cellular level will be greatly improved with the development of techniques that enable the delivery of analyte probes and therapeutic agents into cells and cellular compartments. Organic and inorganic nanoparticles that interface with biological systems have recently attracted widespread interest in the fields of biology and medicine. The new term nanomedicine has been used recently. Nanoparticles are considered to have the potential as novel intravascular or cellular probes for both diagnostic (imaging) and therapeutic purposes (drug/gene delivery), which is expected to generate innovations and play a critical role in medicine. Target-specific drug/ gene delivery and early diagnosis in cancer treatment is one of the priority research areas in which nanomedicine will play a vital role. Some recent breakthroughs in this field recently also proved this trend. Nanoparticles for drug delivery and imaging have gradually been developed as new modalities for cancer therapy and diagnosis. In this article, we review the significance and recent advances of gene/drug delivery to cancer cells, and the molecular imaging and diagnosis of cancer by targeted functional nanoparticles. ' 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.