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CEPAL Review
Education and income distribution in urban Brazil,
Peabody Journal of Education, 2001
The educational attainment of Brazil's labor force has the authors argue, the marginal reduction in wage gradually increased over the past two decades. At the inequality that occurred in this period was linked same time, the government has pursued a series of primarily to a reduction in the returns to schooling and economic structural adjustment policies. Blom, Holm-only secondarily to a more equitable distribution of Nielsen, and Verner investigate how these simultaneous schooling. advances have altered the relationship between labor The findings suggest that the supply of highly skilled market earnings and education. labor is inadequate to meet demand. That suggests a They find that the returns to education in the labor need for policy action aimed at increasing access to and market fundamentally changed between 1982 and 1998. completion of tertiary education. Increasing the supply While the returns to tertiary education increased sharply, of highly skilled labor would improve prospects for both the returns to primary education dropped by 26 percent economic growth and reduced wage inequality. and those to lower secondary by 35 percent. Moreover, This paper-a product of the Education Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region-is part of a larger effort in the region to assess the need for expansion of the education system, in particular, tertiary education. Copies of the paper are available free from the World Bank,
World Development, 1982
This paper attempts to elucidate the long-term impact of basic education on income inequality in Brazil. It does so, first, by examining how investment in basic education affects incomes and, second, by assessing the extent to which government involvement in the fmanclng of education services and the taxing of the returns of education investment contributes to the achievement of a more equitable distribution of income.
Poverty in Brazil. Concepts, Measures, Policies , 2021
The huge and quite resilient level of income inequality in Brazil had been declining steadily since 1997. This text analyses the increase in years of schooling, the changes that occurred in terms of labor gains according to years of schooling and how this affected income inequality before the 2014 crisis struck. Access to education had much improved, but the quality of education had remained unsatisfactory. This quality of education problem was partly compensated for by a sustained policy of increasing the real value of the minimum wage. As a result, the period from 1997 to 2013 was very favorable to those at the lower income strata, steadily increasing their labor and social assistance incomes, thus improving the income distribution accordingly. When, because of several macroeconomic woes that had been accumulating since the 2007 global crisis, a fiscal crisis of our own hit in 2014, the impact on poverty and inequality soon appeared. Now the country faces the challenge of trying to regain the economic growth track and recover the social progress lost, at a time when the economy is plagued by deficient productive infrastructure, a shameful political establishment, a lowly qualified workforce, and last, but not least, the crippling effects of the coronavirus. Unpublished paper presented at the XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference, Busan, Korea, 2013.
World Bank eBooks, 1977
This paper attempts to elucidate the long-term impact of basic education on income inequality in Brazil. It does so, first, by examining how investment in basic education affect incomes and, second, by assessing the extent to which government involvement in the financing of education services and the taxing of the returns to education investment contributes to achieve a more equitable ;Iqtribution of income. On the basis of the empirical evidence available in Brazil, it is possible to suggest that (i) education per se cannot significantly reduce inequality, (ii) government policies in terms of education subsidies and taxes on lifetime earnings do not show a clear redistribution pattern, and (iii) there exists effective policy tools in the area of employment, education wastage, cost recovery practices which could help bridge the gap between rates of return to education and reduce income inequality. Thte attached paper is a fifth and last in a series of reports prepared in connecLion with the research program being carried out by the Education Department (Central Projects Staff) on education finance in Latin America.
Journal of Development Economics, 1991
Household survey data demonstrate that Brazilian males born between 1925 and 1963 experienced steady increases in mean schooling and significant declines in schooling inequality. The variance in years of schooling increased for cohorts born up until 1950, with steady declines for more recent cohorts. Decomposition of a standard human capital earnings equation indicates that trends in schooling tended to reduce earnings inequality from 1976 to 1985, due to reductions in both the variance of schooling and in returns to schooling. These improvements were more than offset, however, by increases in other sources of inequality. Although the net increase in earnings inequality from 1976 to 1985 is disturbing, the reduction in schooling inequality represents a fundamental improvement in the determinants of earnings inequality in Brazil that will have beneficial effects for decades.
The Journal of Developing Areas, 2010
The main goal of this study is to investigate the role of the urban bias in the Brazilian development on the educational attainment process. Theories of educational inequality and socioeconomic development and modernization are considered to construct the hypotheses. The study is based on a nation-wide probability sample survey (the 1988 PNAD). OLS regression models are estimated to assess the hypotheses, and a cohort strategy is used to investigate trends in the patterns of determinants of the educational attainment process in Brazil. Among the main causal factors analyzed here, we center our investigation on the importance of the difference of having an urban or a rural origin on the educational attainment of individuals. The process of socioeconomic development in most developing countries has been marked by a very strong urban bias. As we show here, this urban bias has a very significant effect (net of many other causal variables) on the educational attainment process in Brazil. JEL Classification: I21, O15, O18
Papers in Regional Science, 2005
The objective of this article is to analyze wage inequality among the 10 largest metropolitan regions in Brazil in the 1990s. We assess the extent to which worker characteristics (education, age, gender, race, position in the family) and job characteristics (occupational position, sector, experience) can explain wage inequality. The analysis is made both with regional-nominal and with regional-real wage data. In the second case regional price indexes are used to control for differences in cost of living among regions. Wage differentials in Brazil were slightly lowered when control variables were introduced, but the leftover inequality remained high. The results indicate that cost of living levels do have a role in explaining wage inequality in Brazil, but even after controlling for this factor, the remaining regional differentials are still important.
2015
This essay seeks to point the trends and recent dynamics of income distribution in Brazil from various perspectives. While the previous paper (Paper C Brazil) aimed to establish the relation between regimes of accumulation and labour market dynamics with the evolution of income distribution building on a historical perspective, this paper aims to identify, over and beyond the evolution of indicators, the new inequality patterns in order to show how spatial and social cleavages were reorganized as well as the orientation of the country’s class structure. Micro-data provided by the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD, from the Portuguese Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios) of Brazil’s national statistics office Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) has been used for selected years between 1979and 2011.
education policy analysis archives, 2012
Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyze the socioeconomic background of elementary school students from public schools in the Brazilian municipalities, through a synthetic measure, the Student Socioeconomic Index of the Municipalities (ISE-M). It also ...
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000
2006
This paper investigates the sources of wage inequality across Brazilian regions. Duarte, , using a semi-parametric approach based on DiNardo, , show that income differences across the Southeast and Northeast can be explained by educational disparities across their population. This result implies that any policy recomendation should prescribe direct investments in education in order to narrow the regional income gap. In this paper we apply the methodology developed by Machado and Mata (2004), based on quantile regression and resampling techniques, for the metropolitan areas of Brazilian Southeast and Northeast. The technique allows us to decompose the wage inequality across regions into a part that can be attributed to changes in workers' observable characteristics and another to changes in the returns to these characteristics. First we show that the difference between NE and SE wage distribution has a higher mass on the lower tail, and lower density on the upper tail, resulting from the well known fact that Northeast have a higher number of people living on poverty and lower number of people on high paying occupations compared to Southeast. Both returns to skills and workers' observed characteristics have an impact on this result. However, different from what Duarte et al show on their paper, schooling did not respond for this wage inequality across the two regions. Returns to schooling did have a higher impact on wage inequality than the distribution of education per se. These results imply that investments on education alone may not be enough to narrow regional income inequality since the availability of capital and quality of education may be driving those results.
Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 2004
This study investigates the determinants of educational stratification in Brazil. It draws on theories of educational and racial inequality to examine the impact of economic development on educational stratification and the role of race in that process. Using a nationwide probability sample (PNAD-1988), I find no evidence of any overall trend toward the equalization of educational opportunities over the past decades, but rather a mixed pattern of increasing and decreasing effects. Further, socioeconomic transformations brought about by the process of industrialization have not lessened the effect of race as one of the main determinants of educational stratification in Brazil. There is strong evidence that it may even have increased.
Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, 2020
This paper aims to present a general evaluation on the inequality, income distribution and social mobility in Brazil between 2002 and 2014, under the governments of the Workers' Party. In this way, from the methodological point view, it is based on both a review of the literature about that subject and an investigation of the primary sources of the Brazilian social policies. Among the results found out, it can be highlighting the following sample: 1) historically, Brazilian society has been marked by inequality in several ways, and this is probably a consequence of his colonial legacy; 2) In the period between 2002 and 2014, Brazilian social inequality declined; 3) the decline of inequality can be explained by income growth, higher schooling levels and labor formalization, but the targeted social program, Bolsa Familia, also contributed to income convergence; 4) Brazil slashed poverty from 25 percent of the population in 2004 to 8.5 percent in 2014, and extreme poverty declined ...
Educar Em Revista, 2022
This paper presents an empirical study on the social and educational gaps between Recife and São Paulo, cities characterized by fast urbanization and strongly unequal urban configurations. Based on the notion of social space and statistical data from the last Population Census (IBGE/ 2010), we present a study on the space of educational disparities in the two metropolises. The objective was to test the relevance of the notion of social space in the Brazilian context, identifying at once, the distribution of social groups and their educational investments. We argue that the notion of social space can integrate several other key concepts of Bourdieusian sociology. We mobilize a large set of variables captured simultaneously, bringing to light the differences within the two metropolises and between the cities. The study's originality lies in starting from this wide range of objective indicators related to living conditions, associating it with the use of indicators likely to be perceived as "subjective." As expected, the first axis strongly correlates with longevity, household income, and education level. The second axis is the result of the correlation between the possession of a high school diploma and the presence of greater public infrastructure. In Recife, this second axis concerns a few neighborhoods in the city. In São Paulo, however, the same correlation is observed with a much larger set of neighborhoods in intermediate social positions. It is also noticeable that Recife has a much larger number of regions in extreme poverty compared to São Paulo.
Journal of Economic History, 1983
Revista Brasileira de Economia, 2006
This paper examines the impact of the education composition of the workforce and of the changing returns to schooling on the dispersion of male labor earnings in Brazil in the last twenty years. It applies a quantile regression approach to a polynomial on age, time and interactions, using repeated cross-sections of a large Brazilian annual household survey. Counterfactual results indicate that the rise in the schooling level of the Brazilian labor force failed to bring inequality down because the changes in education composition reinforced inequality. Simulations suggest that the education composition of the workforce will contribute to a substantial downward trend in overall inequality in the near future. Este artigo examina o impacto da composição educacional da força de trabalho e dos retornos à educação sobre a dispersão dos salários dos homens no Brasil nos últimos 20 anos. Ele aplica uma regressão quantílica sobre um polinômio de idade, tendência e interações usando dados das PNADs entre 1977 e 1997. Os resultados indicam que o aumento da escolaridade da população brasileira não provocou uma queda da desigualdade porque as mudanças na composição educacional contribuiram para um aumento da desigualdade. As simulações indicam que o efeito de composição vai contribuir para uma queda substancial da desigualdade no futuro próximo.
Paper that will be soon …, 2009
In this paper we present some preliminary estimates of Brazilian income distribution around the years 1872 and 1920. The results show that income inequality in Brazil was already high by the 1870s and further increased during the First Globalization Boom. Our results ...
2021
The current research is inserted in the quarrel of gender and income in the Brazilian reality. The main objective of this work was to have a previous scenario of how factors such: marital status, age, and education affect the income of both genders (masculine and feminine) in each Brazilian State (UF). Expanding the comprehension of the gender subject within the context of inequalities among regions can be understood as a second goal. In order to achieve the targets proposed, this article used data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) of 2010 and multiple linear regressions. Followed by its statistical validations and discussions about the limitations of the model. For the year studied the gender inequality between education, income, and age was verified. The results are in agreement the previous quarrel within the same area and highlighted the impact of marital state in inequality.
2011
In this paper, we discuss advantages and limits of two alternative methodologies which can be used for measuring inequality of educational opportunities, both of which are based on Roemer (1998). The two alternatives reflect the usual opposition between a dominance approach and an approach based on specific indices. We provide illustrations using Brazilian data. The dominance analysis reveals a situation of evident inequality of opportunity when types are defined in terms of parental education, while when types are defined in terms of skin color we obtain both inequality of opportunity and (at least weak) equality of opportunity, depending on the types we compare. The inequality indices approach shows that, according to the parameters we employ, inequality of opportunity represents 16.1% of overall inequality in Brazil, and we observe large regional variation. PORTUGUÊS: Neste artigo, discutem-se vantagens e limites de dois métodos alternativos de mensuração de desigualdades de oportunidades educacionais, ambas as quais se baseiam em Roemer (1998). Tais alternativas refletem a oposição usual entre uma abordagens de dominância e aquelas baseadas emíndices específicos. Apresentamos ilustrações usando dados brasileiros (do SAEB). A análise de dominância revela uma situação de evidente desigualdade de oportunidades quando os tipos são definidos em termos de nível de educação dos pais, enquanto no caso em que se definem por meio da cor da pele, obtêm-se tanto desigualdade de oportunidades como igualdade de oportunidades (fraca), em função dos tipoes que estejam sendo comparados. A abordagem baseada emíndices de desigualdade mostra que, de acordo com os parâmetros usados, a desigualdade de oportunidades representa ao menos 16.1% da desigualdade total no Brasil, e se observam substanciais variações regionais.
In Brazil, the age and education compositions of the male labor force is changing with great regional variation. Based on Demographic Census microdata, results indicate that cohort size has a negative impact on earnings, but this effect is decreasing over time. In this study we consider the impact on earnings by age and education, as well as estimated income inequality reduction and racial differentials. Fertility decline and improvements regarding educational attainment had a significant influence on the decline of income inequality in the country. Moreover, the nonwhite population has been experiencing less success in relation to educational achievement, compared to the white population.
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