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2005, Proceedings of The Asist Annual Meeting
The purpose of this study was to examine the navigational patterns of graduate students' text markings when they interact with electronic documents during an active reading process, thus taking on the role of authors. The readings took place in two settings, private and document sharing, where in the latter environment each document was shared among a group of students. The resulting interaction was monitored and electronically logged for each of these environments, which then provided us with user-navigational patterns taxonomy. Descriptive and statistical tests were carried out on the activities observed within this taxonomy to develop a framework for comparing the reading patterns for readers working in individual and document sharing environments. This framework was then used to obtain user feedback during the interview sessions that were held with the participants of this study. Because of our investigation, we were able to create a set of specific recommendation that system designers can use in order to create better, more intuitive, and userfriendly electronic reading and marking systems.
Information Processing and Management, 2008
Described here is a study of how students actively read electronic journal papers to prepare for classroom discussions. Eighteen students enrolled in a graduate course participated in this study; half of them read the documents privately, while the other half shared their readings. These readers were digitally monitored as they read, annotated, and shared the electronic (e-) documents over a course of several weeks during a semester. This monitoring yielded a comprehensive data bank of 60 e-documents (with 1923 markings), and 56 computer logs. Using semi-structured interviews, the reading, marking, and navigational activities of the participating readers were analyzed in detail. Under scrutiny were a range of activities that the subjects carried out. Analyses of the data revealed the types of markings that the users employ, and the ways in which those marking were placed. A derivation of the user-perceived functions of the marking structures was then carried out. The findings then lead to several implications for informing the design of reading and marking applications in digital libraries.
This paper reports the result of an experiment which tested the users' experience regarding electronic-or paper-based reading. The use of electronic means for reading is widely spread and utilized for a wider variety of tasks, including on-line or electronic reading. In addition, the development of "E-Book" has become fashion in IT industry and even been predicted to replace the conventional paper-based reading. Nevertheless, little research has been done to understand the association of user preferences between these means, in particular, with regard to Chinese environment. A qualitative performance measurement applied to 20 university students was carried out, in which recorded the user behavior and critical incidents in different reading modes based on an analysis of a videotape of reading process, in order to understand the usage of different means, as well as to monitor how people responded to various reading environments. The results showed that most people did not cope with e-based reading well. The disadvantages of paper-based reading, however, did not yet converted to advantages for e-based reading. The main barriers identified are the lower level of man-machine interactions and self-control during e-reading process. Other technical issues such as the glaze of screen, and layout and reading position were also reported. A list of recommendations was made in order to design an e-based reading device which can provide a more comfortable reading experience. Additional implications and future research directions were also discussed.
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human …, 1999
Over the last two centuries, reading styles have shifted away from the reading of documents from beginning to end and toward the skimming of documents in search of relevant information. This trend continues today where readers, often confronted with an insurmountable amount of text, seek more efficient methods of extracting relevant information from documents. In this paper, a new document reading environment is introduced called the Reader's Helper TM , which supports the reading of electronic and paper documents. The Reader's Helper analyzes documents and produces a relevance score for each of the reader's topics of interest, thereby helping the reader decide whether the document is actually worth skimming or reading. Moreover, during the analysis process, topic of interest phrases are automatically annotated to help the reader quickly locate relevant information. A new information visualization tool, called the Thumbar TM , is used in conjunction with relevancy scoring and automatic annotation to portray a continuous, dynamic thumb-nail representation of the document. This further supports rapid navigation of the text.
Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1997
We report on a laboratory study that compares reading from paper to reading on-line. Critical differences have to do with the major advantages paper offers in supporting annotation while reading, quick navigation, and flexibility of spatial layout. These, in turn, allow readers to deepen their understanding of the text, extract a sense of its structure, create a plan for writing, cross-refer to other documents, and interleave reading and writing. We discuss the design implications of these findings for the development of better reading technologies.
2008
To establish an empirical foundation for analysis and redesign of document navigation tools, we implemented a system that logs all user actions within Microsoft Word and Adobe Reader. We then conducted a four month longitudinal study of fourteen users' document navigation activities.
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore college students' use of electronic reading strategies in reading e-books and the features provided by e-book systems. Both academic reading and leisure reading are evaluated from students' responses. Design/methodology/approach – Both qualitative and quantitative data are collected. In total, eight college students volunteered for in-depth interview to express their strategy in reading e-books. Reading strategies employed by college students are summarized. A set of questionnaire items to assess electronic reading strategies and e-book features for both academic and leisure reading is used for collecting quantitative data. To determine differences between academic reading and leisure reading, pair-t is used among 201 respondents. Findings – Interview data reveal that students use various strategies in reading e-books. These reading strategies are categorized into " Use of prior experiences " , " Comprehension and decision making " , and " Self-regulation and self-monitoring ". From 26 questionnaire items for assessing students' need of reading strategies, 16 are found significantly different between academic reading and leisure reading (p , 0.05). The necessity level of many e-book features is significantly higher for academic reading than for leisure reading (p , 0.05). Research limitations/implications – Research on students' use of strategies in electronic reading is needed in the rich information world. In this study, the assessment of necessity level of using various electronic reading strategies and features provided by e-book systems assessed from students' responses might be helpful for design of e-book systems. However, further research on different reading audiences and specific domains may shed light on more guidelines for implementation and application. Originality/value – It is hoped that the findings of this study will provide suggestions for the innovation of reading supports embedded in e-book systems.
ASSETS '24: Proceedings of the 26th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, 2024
Screen readers are important assistive technologies for blind people, but they are complex and can be challenging to use effectively. Over the course of several studies with screen reader users, the authors have found wide variations and sometimes surprising differences in people's skills, preferences, navigation, and troubleshooting approaches when using screen readers. These differences may not always be considered in research and development. To help address this shortcoming, we have developed five user personas describing a range of screen reader experiences. CCS Concepts • Human-centered computing → Accessibility; Accessibility design and evaluation methods; Human computer interaction (HCI); HCI design and evaluation methods; User models.
2009
QuikScan is an innovative document format aimed at facilitating reading and information navigation in documents. It employs multiple within-document summaries formatted as numbered list items to summarize the gist of each section of a document. The presence of the summaries, with a fine level of granularity, enables readers to skim for the superordinate ideas of each section and locate particular items of information quickly and efficiently. This paper focuses on an empirical study of information navigation with QuikScan. Forty participants completed timed information navigating tasks using either a QuikScan or control version of a document with conventional formatting. This study demonstrates intriguing and important findings. Those who read QuikScan were able to locate the superordinate content items significantly faster with a significantly higher accuracy rate. However, QuikScan readers did not perform better on items of lesser importance than those who read the control version.
The success and mainstreaming of e-books are transforming not only the traditional/Gutenbergian idea of the book but the previous idea of e-book mainly as an enriched print book. In the new e-book concept, the nature of book as an artefact is diminishing and disposition as a networked interface to knowledge is rising. One of the most important emerging concepts is a social reading, which means reading acts while connected to other people. Social reading is a new and not very well defined area of reading practices. In addition to the traditional reading together and discussing books person to person, social reading includes a large number of networked functions like sharing and receiving shared information. Research of this new phenomena is almost non existent, yet it is expectd to be the next big thing in reading and in e-books. This study provides an overview of the history of social reading of printed books and then defines parallel features in the new digital reading activities. It asks how social reading is constructed and strives to find user preferences on it. Research material consists of popular e-book software and services. The proposed categorisation of social reading is based on content analysis of properties that were found in those services. In the empirical part of this paper, we search for readers´ preferences in social reading. The survey and focus group interviews were done with the patrons of the Helsinki Metropolitan Library. Report claims that social reading functionalities are manifestations of the social needs that have existed during and even before the paper book. Digital time enables re-emerging of some of those features, but in different manner. The usefulness of these new functions depend on a number of factors, first of all different types of literature favour different functions. Shared underlining, quotations and discussions may suit better the goal-oriented reading. In reading for leisure the most relevant features include possibilities to share ratings and receive recommendations.
2011 IEEE 11th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, 2011
This study explores the daily life user experiences of an experimental e-book reading device among high-school students, aiming to understand how well the digital natives accept the use of e-book reading devices and the potential utilities of such devices for them, either for leisure purposes or as an assistive educational tool. Toward this goal, we have custom-designed the e-reader user interface as well as the ebook content to suit the needs of this particular user group. The unique opportunity of having access to the hardware device, software design and potential users creates an ideal experimental platform for us to unbiasedly investigate the role of this new technology through a long-term user behavior collection and analysis process. We anticipate that the new reading behaviors of the digital natives will provide clues for further improvements in the design and development of digital reader devices.
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2016
Pointing and finger bookmarking effectively support reading from paper. However, current electronic media do not support these operations. Readers are discouraged to trace or point text with fingers on popular touchscreen tablet devices because the gestures may cause undesired view changes. Also, bookmarking with the current interface does not provide the ease of finger bookmarking. For solving the problems mentioned above, we proposed a document reader that provides seamless switching between pointing/tracing and touch operations, and integrate features that simulate finger bookmarking by using simple gestures. The results of two experiments (proof reading and cross reference reading between pages) show that participants performed the tasks faster with the proposed system than with the conventional touchscreen systems.
Purdue University Press eBooks, 2015
Print books pose inherent difficulties for researchers who want to observe users' natural in-book reading patterns. With e-books and logs of their use, it is now possible to track several aspects of users' interactions inside e-books, including the number and duration of their sessions with an e-book and the order in which pages are viewed. This chapter reports on a study of one year of EBL user log data from Purdue University to identify different reading patterns or ways in which users navigate within different types of e-books-authored monographs vs. edited collections-and in e-books in different subject areas. The results of the analysis revealed a few differences in the reading patterns used for e-books of different types and subject areas, but more striking was the similarity in reading patterns across the e-books. Greater differences occurred between individual users, and these differences are best explained by differences in individuals' personal reading objectives. The analysis of reading logs for e-books is still very much a new venture. From this perspective, the findings are exploratory and descriptive rather than conclusive, and as much about the evolution of workable methodologies as they are about the results of the analysis. Log analysis reveals nothing about users' circumstances or intentions; however, if used in tandem with usability studies, and studies based on surveys, diaries, and interviews, it could contribute to a more objective understanding of users' interactions with e-books. 14 224 | Academic E-Books bAckground And IntroductIon In the ancient world, reading was usually done out loud. In A History of Reading, Alberto Manguel (1996) recounts a story from the Confessions of St. Augustine in which Augustine tells of the time he paid a visit to Ambrose, the Bishop of Milan. Augustine observed Ambrose reading: "his eyes scanned the page and his heart sought out the meaning, but his voice was silent, and his tongue was still" (Confessions, 6, 3, as cited by Manguel, 1996, p. 42). This was remarkable to Augustine because reading silently was something out of the ordinary. Like Augustine's observation, most objective descriptions of silent reading have focused on its physiognomic aspects (i.e., reading posture, facial expression, and movements of the hands, fingers, tongue, lips, and eyes). In the 19 th and 20 th centuries, many scientific studies of reading concentrated on readers' visual behavior or eye movements. Methods of tracking eye movements included the corneal reflection and the scleral observation methods, both of which required holding the subject's head in a fixed position. Other methods involved attaching monitors to the subject's eye while the subject scanned a page or read lines of text. Another study placed the reader in a darkened room with a text and a flashlight. "The use of a light is clearly somewhat unnatural for the reader," the educational psychologist A. K. Pugh (1977) noted, "but the restrictions on the subject are less than in most of the eye-movement recording methods" (p. 42). Pugh discussed a fundamental discovery resulting from Louis-Émile Javal's early eye-movement studies; when reading or scanning, human eyes do not move smoothly, but rather make jerky movements (saccades) and stop several times, moving very quickly between each stop (fixation). The movements measured in these experiments are very small, and the subjects read only relatively short texts (Pugh, 1978, p. 14). Marshall (2009) notes that, although eye tracking "provides important data about some aspects of reading-word and letter recognition, most importantly-it has not shed as much light on how people read in the wild," that is, read naturally (p. 101). Other controlled reading studies give test subjects identical reading material with instructions, observe and record subjects' actions (e.g., through video recording), and, in some studies, ask them all the same series of questions. User studies often are conducted to inform improvements in the design of products, including printed and digital documents
2011
The aims of the e-reader demonstrator project were to trial the potential of e-readers, designed for reading books, as a replacement for hard copy papers in two institutional committees and transform approaches to organising the business of committee meetings.The overall approach was recognition of the need to understand and evaluate individual motivations and behaviours around the introduction of new technologies and the processes involved. The factors for measuring success were demonstrating print reduction, efficiency gains, cost benefits and individuals’ sustained engagement with the technology through the trial period and its adoption for wider applications. A Sony Touch e-reader was issued to all members of the two committees and used for the trial. Evaluation was through observation, participant survey at the end of the project and a focus group. AQU moved from post- to pre- committee the activities to electronically package papers into one indexed set, to service the needs o...
2010
The use of e-book readers (e-readers or electronic-readers) has become increasingly widespread. An e-reader should meet two important requirements: adequate legibility and good usability. In our study, we investigated these two requirements of e-reader design. Within the framework of a multifunctional approach, we combined eye tracking with other usability testing methods. We tested five electronic reading devices and one classic paper book. The results suggested that e-readers with e-ink technology provided legibility that was comparable to classic paper books. However, our study also showed that the current e-reader generation has large deficits with respect to usability. Users were unable to use e-readers intuitively and without problems. We found significant differences between the different brands of e-book readers. Interestingly, we found dissociations between objective eye-tracking data and subjective user data, stressing the importance of multimethod approaches.
Perhaps the biggest barrier to higher education for ELL students is reading. Students have various problems with the written – and now digital - word. Increasingly, reading is digital, whether on a device or online, encouraged by national and institutional policies At Zayed University we are developing a gaze-controlled reading application that addresses the difficulties of digital reading for non-native readers. Known difficulties include orthography, pronunciation, vocabulary, syntax, and context. Focus groups with students and teachers have indicated relevant difficulties and associated issues within an academic reading context. These difficulties can be eased by vocabulary support and augmented context readily available through the application. Individual support can be provided to readers through analysing their eye movements and offering relevant and contextualised help. The app is also particularly useful for reading diagnosis and assessment. Although our field-testing is being done in Arabia we believe the issues are common to all ELL students, as well as common issues specific to digital reading.
New media blurs the traditional author-reader distinction and brings in new roles. Extant media tools intend to only support the acts of reading and authoring, but do not focus on those abundant acts taking place inside the blur. This paper posits the concept digital interpretation as a metaphor to enable exploration for system designs for active reading, and investigates useful concepts that suggest design moves in the domain of interpretationsupporting tools. We adopt a pattern-based approach to analyze and organize our findings. The main argument of this paper introduces and discusses nine main patterns from three pattern families-reflection, multiple poaching and mind shifting in details. For every pattern, we compare current digital design tools and suggest possible solutions to achieve the goal of the pattern under certain context. These patterns not only summarize and suggest design moves for digital interpretation, but also attempt to bring the interpretation blur into focus.
Proceedings of the …, 2010
Browsing the Web with screen readers can be difficult and frustrating. Web pages often contain inaccessible content that is expressed only visually or that can be accessed only with the mouse. Screen-reader users must also contend with usability challenges encountered when the reading content is designed with built-in assumptions of how it will be accessed--generally by a sighted person on a standard display. Far from passive consumers of content who simply accept web content as accessible or not, many screen-reader users ...
Proceedings of the 2014 ACM symposium on Document engineering - DocEng '14, 2014
Researchers constantly read and annotate academic documents. While almost all documents are provided digitally, many are still printed and read on paper. We surveyed 162 academics in order to better understand their reading habits and preferences. We were particularly interested in understanding the barriers to digital reading and the features desired by academics for digital reading applications.
Easier to read - easier to learn, 2019
This study examines wether a well designed text aids pupils or students to read and understand the text and increase or ease the information intake. The study showed that a well designed text led to 18.8 % increase in reading speed, a 13.5 % increase in remembered information as well as an 32.1 % increase in testing time. The biggest difference however was the time needed to retrieve information from the text with a 36.9 % difference between a well designed text and a general teacher designed text. The study was conducted in several classrooms of a vocational school in Austria. Given the age bracket which is centered roughly around 17 and 18 year old students, the results could have a relevance for adult students as well. Motivation This study takes a look at how a reader-friendly-design of texts affects learning. In every learning environment written texts are a central part of the learning routine. As such it is of interest to establish a way in which the students can take the most from a text presented in written form. The aim of this study is to establish if a reader friendly design has an impact on learning as well as the understanding of a given text. This study was conducted at a school environment where subtle typographical nuances are irrelevant due to a lack of understanding on part of the teaching staff as well as lack of software which would make such distinctions possible in everyday work. Because of this some things had to be simplified to accommodate the reality of the workplace of teachers.
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