Patterns of adult tobacco use in Uzbekistan

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Tobacco use was the second-leading risk factor for death, accounting for 15.4% of total deaths in 2019. In 2019, 20.4% (2.7 million) of the adult population in Kazakhstan, 36.5% of men, and 6.0% of women smoked tobacco. A cross-sectional study of a random sample (n = 1201) was conducted between October and December 2021 in accordance with the STEPwise approach. The tobacco-use questions were focused on current and previous smoking status, initiation and duration of smoking, amount of tobacco use, exposure to secondhand smoke, and information related to quitting smoking. From 20.8% of smokers, 93.8% of men and 80.2% of women use tobacco products daily, χ2 = 10.983, p-score < 0.001. The earliest initiation of smoking was 6 years old. The prevalence of smoking tobacco products in Kazakhstan is 20.8%, which means that every fifth adult smokes. In addition, the proportion of smokers among men was 38.5%, and among women, it was 10.1%. A total of 93.8% of men and 80.2% of women smoked d...

Indian Journal of Public Health, 2011

BMC Public Health, 2014

Background: In 2009, 48% of males aged 15 or over in Mongolia consumed tobacco, placing Mongolia among the countries with the highest prevalence of male smokers in the world. Importantly, tobacco use is one of the four major risk factors contributing to the global burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs)the leading cause of mortality in Mongolia. However, the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the Mongolian population with regards to smoking are largely unmeasured. In this context, a national NCDs knowledge, attitudes and practices survey focusing, among other things, on NCD risk factors was implemented in Mongolia in late 2010 to complement the previous WHO STEPwise approach to Surveillance Survey (STEPS) findings from 2009. This publication explores the smoking-related findings of the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Survey (KAPS).

Global Health Promotion, 2013

In 2008, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization developed the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS), an instrument to monitor global tobacco use and measure indicators of tobacco control. GATS, a nationally representative household survey of persons aged 15 years or older, was conducted for the first time during 2008-2010 in 14 low-and middle-income countries. In each country, GATS used a standard core questionnaire, sample design, and procedures for data collection and management and, as needed, added country-specific questions that were reviewed and approved by international experts. The core questionnaire included questions about various characteristics of the respondents, their tobacco use (smoking and smokeless), and a wide range of tobacco-related topics (cessation; secondhand smoke; economics; media; and knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions). In each country, a multistage cluster sample design was used, with households selected proportionate to the size of the population. Households were chosen randomly within a primary or secondary sampling unit, and one respondent was selected at random from each household to participate in the survey. Interviewers administered the survey in the country's local language(s) using handheld electronic data collection devices. Interviews were conducted privately, and same-sex interviewers were used in countries where mixed-sex interviews would be culturally inappropriate. All 14 countries completed the survey during 2008-2010. In each country, the ministry of health was the lead coordinating agency for GATS, and the survey was implemented by national statistical organizations or surveillance institutes. This article describes the background and rationale for GATS and includes a comprehensive description of the survey methods and protocol.

Tobacco Control, 1998

Background-Tobacco is a leading cause of avoidable death in Russia but there is, as yet, relatively little information in the public domain on who is smoking and how this is changing. This information is important for those seeking to develop eVective policies to tackle this issue. Objective-To determine the prevalence of smoking in Russia and its association with sociodemographic factors. Design-Cross-sectional survey on patterns of tobacco consumption. Setting-Data were collected using the New Russia Barometer, a multi-stage stratified-sample survey of the population of the Russian Federation undertaken in the summer of 1996. Participants-Data were available on 1587 individuals (response rate 65.7%). Respondents diVered little from the overall Russian population in terms of age, sex, education, and voting intention.

American Journal of Public Health, 2004

Gilmore et al. | Peer Reviewed | Research and Practice | 2177  RESEARCH AND PRACTICE  Objectives. We sought to provide comparative data on smoking habits in countries of the former Soviet Union.

Global Health …, 2009

BackgroundTobacco use is the most preventable cause of premature death and disability. Even though tobacco use is common in many Asian countries, reliable and comparable data on the burden imposed by tobacco use in this region are sparse, and surveillance systems to track trends are in their infancy.ObjectiveTo assess and compare the prevalence of tobacco use and its associated factors in nine selected rural sites in five Asian countries.MethodsTobacco use among 9,208 men and 9,221 women aged 25–64 years in nine Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) sites in five Asian countries of the INDEPTH Network were examined in 2005 as part of a broader survey of the major chronic non-communicable disease risk factors. All sites used a standardised protocol based on the WHO STEPS approach to risk factor surveillance; expanded questions of local relevance, including chewing tobacco, were also included. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess demographic factors associated with tobacco use.ResultsTobacco use, whether smoked or chewed, was common across all sites with some notable variations. More than 50% of men smoked daily; this applied to almost all age groups. Few women smoked daily in any of the sites. However, women were more likely to chew tobacco than men in all sites except Vadu in India. Tobacco use in men began in late adolescence in most of the sites and the number of cigarettes smoked daily ranged from three to 15. Use of both forms of tobacco, smoked and chewed, was associated with age, gender and education. Men were more likely to smoke compared to women, smoking increased with age in the four sites in Bangladesh but not in other sites and with low level of education in all the sites.ConclusionThe prevalence of tobacco use, regardless of the type of tobacco, was high among men in all of these rural populations with tobacco use started during adolescence in all HDSS sites. Innovative communication strategies for behaviour change targeting adolescents in schools and adult men and women at work or at home, may create a mass awareness about adverse health consequences of tobacco smoking or chewing tobacco. Such efforts, to be effective, however, need to be supported by strong legislation and leadership. Only four of the five countries involved in this multi-site study have ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, and even where it has been ratified, implementation is uneven.

Scientific Reports, 2022

The study aimed to evaluate trends in the prevalence and correlates of current tobacco use only (= CT), current heavy drinking only (= CHD), and current tobacco use and current heavy drinking (= CTHD) in people 15 years and older from 2009 to 2019 in Mongolia. Cross-sectional data were analyzed from 5,438 individuals (15-64 years) of the Mongolia STEPS 2009 survey, 6,013 (15-69 years) of the Mongolia STEPS 2013 survey, and 6,654 persons (15-69 years) of the Mongolia STEPS 2019 survey and responded to questions about substance use, other health risk behaviours and physical measurements. Trend analysis shows that the prevalence of CT increased from 14.4% in 2009 to 15.3% in 2019, and the prevalence of CHD significantly decreased from 13.3% in 2009 to 10.3% in 2019, and the prevalence of CTHD significantly decreased from 14.2% in 2009 to 9.4% in 2019. Middle and older age, male sex (13 times higher for CT, 3.4 times higher for CHD, and 28 times higher for CTHD) and high physical activity significantly increased the odds of CT, CHD and CTHD. Higher education decreased the odds of CT but increased the odds of CHD. Urban residence was positively associated with CT, and among women with CTHD. Underweight decreased the odds of CT, CHD, and CTHD, and obesity decreased the odds of CT and CTHD and increased the odds of CHD. Hypertension was positively associated with CHD and CTHD, while sedentary behaviour was positively associated with CT and CTHD. Being Khalkh by ethnicity increased the odds of CT and inadequate fruit and vegetable intake increased the odds of CHD. More than one in six persons 15 years and older engaged in CT and more than one in ten engaged in CHD and CTHD. Several sociodemographic factors, such as male sex and middle and/or older age, and health variables, such as obesity and hypertension for CHD, were identified associated with CT, CHD, and CTHD that can help in guiding public interventions. Concurrent heavy alcohol use and tobacco use is an increasing public health concern globally 1,2 , and can be defined as using tobacco and alcohol during the past 4 weeks, and not simultanously. However, there is little information on the epidemiology and associated factors of concurrent heavy alcohol use and tobacco use, particularly in low and middle-income countries, such as Mongolia, which reduces our ability to design effective interventions 3. In Mongolia, approximately 30% of women and 50% of men are current drinkers, and most believe that heavy episodic drinking is common in Mongolia 4. According to World Health Organization 5 estimates in 2016, the prevalence of alcohol use disorder in both sexes was 7.8% (13.3% in men and 2.5% in women) and the proportion of heavy episodic drinkers ("consumed at least 60 g or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion in the last 30 day") is 16.4%, 27.9% in men and 5.3% in women) in Mongolia. Almost half of men (46.3%) and 6.8% of women in Mongolia were smokers in 2010 6. In a national survey in 2018 in Mongolia, the prevalence of current tobacco use was 9.2% among women (15-49 years) and 58.0% among men (15-49 years), and the prevalence of current alcohol use was 27.4% and 47.2% among women and men, respectively 7. The estimated age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco use among those aged 15 years or older in Mongolia was 29.8% in both sexes in 2019 8. Among men in Mongolia, the highest increase in the age-standardised death rate between 1990 and 2019 occurred in alcohol use disorders (628.6%) 9 .

Background: Tobacco control is an important strategy to reduce the disease burden caused by several non-communicable diseases. An in-depth understanding of the socio- demographic variations in tobacco use is an important step in achieving effective tobacco control. Aims: We aimed to estimate the age-standardized prevalence of any tobacco use and dual tobacco use and determine their association with socio-demographic variables in six countries (Bangladesh, Indonesia, India, Maldives, Nepal and Timor Leste) of the WHO South-East Asia Region. Methods: The main outcome variables ‘any tobacco use’ and ‘current dual use’ were created from the latest available Demographic and Health Surveys data for each country. The prevalence estimates were weighted using sample weights and age standardized using the WHO standard population. Associations between the socio- demographic variables and tobacco use were calculated by performing multivariable logistic regression analysis. Analyses were performed in Stata 12 using ‘svyset’ and ‘svy’ commands. Results: The highest prevalence of any tobacco use among men was in Indonesia (76.4%) and among women in Nepal (15.7%). Also, Nepal had the highest prevalence of dual tobacco use in both men (17.9%) and women (1.5%). With regard to socio- demographic determinants, despite the inter-country variations, any and dual tobacco use were significantly associated with age, higher education, greater wealth, rural residence and ever-married marital status. The poor and uneducated had a higher odds ratio for these practices. Conclusion: Prevalence of dual tobacco use and its underlying socio-economic disparities should be taken into account for the planning of tobacco control activities in the region.

International Journal of Public Health, 2013

We used Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data collected over time to monitor articles of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) in WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR).