Office paper recyclability: fibrous characteristics

BioResources

A novel method was introduced to evaluate the quality of fiber material from paper for recycling. The new concept, fiber integrity value, its components, and its relationship with paper strength properties were examined in more detail. The effect of deinking and screening on fiber integrity value, and its component parameters was shown. The fiber integrity value is closely connected to the strength potential of the pulp. It was shown that when the bonding degree was also considered, there was very good correlation with the tensile strength, tensile stiffness, and compressive strength (SCT) values. The fiber integrity value concept can be determined based on data from in-line analyzers.

Journal of applied biomaterials & functional materials, 2017

In our contemporary world, while part of the fibers used in the paper industry is obtained from primary fibers such as wood and agricultural plants, the rest is obtained from secondary fibers from waste papers. To manufacture paper with high optical quality from fibers of recycled waste papers, these papers require deinking and bleaching of fibers at desired levels. High efficiency in removal of ink from paper mass during recycling, and hence deinkability, are especially crucial for the optical and printability quality of the ultimate manufactured paper. In the present study, deinkability and printability performance of digitally printed paper with toner or inkjet ink were compared for the postrecycling product. To that end, opaque 80 g/m2 office paper was digitally printed under standard printing conditions with laser toner or inkjet ink; then these sheets of paper were deinked by a deinking process based on the INGEDE method 11 p. After the deinking operation, the optical properti...

The study presents an overview of the chromatographic (SEC), spectroscopic (FTIR, UV/VIS), viscometric (DP) and chemical methods (titration, pH) used for the evaluation of the degradation progress of various kinds of paper under various conditions. The methods were chosen to follow different routes of paper degradation. Model paper samples represented boundary paper types from pure cellulose cotton paper, through softwood to low quality acidic, sized groundwood paper The accelerated ageing conditions were adjusted to achieve maximum effect (climatic chamber RH 59%, 90 o C) and also to mimic the environment inside books (closed vials). The results were settled on the literature data on the degradation mechanisms and compared in terms of the paper types and ageing conditions. The estimators of coupled de-polymerisation and oxidation have been proposed based on the correlation between SEC, UV/VIS and titrative coppper number determination. The overall oxidation index derived from FTIR results was shown to correlate with the summary -CHO and -COOH concentration determined by titrative methods.

Journal of Oleo Science, 2021

system. USA and Japan are recycling several tens of million tons of recovered papers (generally refers to the used paper re-covered for use as raw material) to manufacture the new paper and paperboard 4) . Recycling involves collecting and separating waste materials and remanufacturing or converting them into new reusable materials. Almost everything around us can be recycled or necessary functional materials can be prepared from waste. For example, nanoporous activated carbon materials have been successfully fabricated from agricultural lignocellulosic wastes and explored in high energystorage supercapacitor as well as water purification applications . Cellulose, which is mostly used in the paper industry, is one of the essential components of the lignocellulosic agro-wastes suggesting that used or waste papers would be the valuable reusable source that can be recycled Abstract: Recycling technology contributes to sustainability and has received considerable interest in fulfilling consumable products' social demands, including papers. Recycled fibers are the primary source of the papermaking industry. Papers, valuable daily used materials, can be further recycled for further implementation. Here, we report a simple method for recycling waste papers for further use. Our method includes re-pulping, deinking, bleaching, and papermaking. The sample and the recycled papers were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). XRD data shows the presence of cellulose and filler minerals in the sample and the recycled papers. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and methyl functional groups in the recycled papers suggesting that the deinking and bleaching did not cause any structural changes. The fibrous structures were also sustained after recycling, as confirmed by SEM studies demonstrating that the recycling was successful and the papers can be further used and recycled. EDS analysis further confirmed the filler minerals in the sample paper with a trace amount of lead, which decreased upon bleaching the paper. The structure and properties of the sample and the recycled papers were quite similar, inferring that waste papers can be recycled again and different products from low to higher grade papers can be fabricated.

MRS Proceedings, 1992

Recycling of fiber into structural papers for the corrugated container industry, paper tubes, cartonboard or other paperboard with structural performance needs may require enhancement of properties through changes in the papermaking process. The loss of bonding capability, coupled with a degree of fiber shortening and fiber inflexibility, reduces the utility of recycled fiber and thus their competitiveness with their virgin counterparts. Traditional means for enhancing performance includes addition of starches or other binders, mechanical beating, or heat treatments. Other means for achieving heightened performances are reviewed which include alternative drying technologies, optimal placement of fibers within the paper sheet and forming technologies that provide structural enhancement. KEYWORDS: Fibers. fractionation, swelling, drying methods, fiber bonding. fiber alignment, pulp molding.

2012

Summary Evaluating our experiments performed so far the industrial grass proved to be a hopeful yearly renewable raw material for energetic as well as for industrial application. It can be concluded from results of pilot and industrial scale production that the industrial grass cellulose was equivalent or even better in quality and value with papers produced from traditional resources. Acknowledgement Authors are very thankful to the National Develop

Cellulose, 2015

The main paper conservation methods are presented, classified in the following categories: preparation of the intervention, disinfestation and disinfection/sterilization, surface/dry cleaning, wet cleaning, chemical stabilization, paper repairs, consolidation and strengthening. Treatment documentation is also discussed. The targets, the historical aspects, the general principles, the materials and equipment, the acceptance and criticism pertaining to each method are briefly reviewed, and the most important research for their evaluation is presented. Several paper stabilization strategies, such as deacidification and iron gall ink stabilization, applicable to paper are elucidated. Specific consolidation and strengthening methods for paper, such as lamination and paper splitting are also discussed. The review mainly focuses on the established methods, but experimental, abandoned or insufficiently documented methods are also included. Shortcomings and limitations of several methods were found in the literature, concerning health issues, limited effectiveness, adverse side-effects on the treated artefacts and restricted applicability.

MRS Proceedings, 1992

Recent advances in understanding the structure of cellulose are used as the basis for analyzing the structural changes that occur in pulp fibers during papermaking, particularly in the drying stage. These changes are responsible for the degradation of papermaking properties, and they must be reversed during recycling if the maximum papermaking potential of the virgin fibers is to be recovered. A number of studies have assessed the structural transformations that can occur in cellulosic fibers upon exposure to elevated temperatures. The researchers have invariably observed that the changes occur at the secondary and tertiary levels of structure, the levels that can have significant effects on the properties of fibers. In addition, some studies have focused specifically on the structural effects of recycling; clear correlations of structural change with changes in paper characteristics have been reported. The results of the various studies point to directions for further investigations into enhancing the recovery of papermaking value from recycled fibers.

Bioresources

Paper aging and conservation are matters of concern to those responsible for archives and library collections. Wood-derived fibers are mainly composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, but paper composition can also include additives, such as starch, minerals, and synthetic polymers. Therefore, paper is a multi-component material, and because of its complex and varied nature, research findings in paper chemistry can be difficult to interpret. Deterioration of paper is caused by many factors such as acid hydrolysis, oxidative agents, light, air pollution, or the presence of microorganisms. The origin of the cellulosic material, as well as pulping and papermaking procedures, additives, and storage conditions play a crucial role. The chemical changes occurring within paper thus involve multi-parameter processes. The purpose of this review, which mainly focuses on the most recent decade, is to provide a description of the more important changes produced by aging and an update of...

MRS Proceedings, 1992

The reduced interfiber bonding capability and reduced conformability of recycled fibers compared to virgin wood pulp fibers is caused by the drying phase of the first papermaking cycle. Changes in the fiber result in stiffness. This effect is more pronounced in chemical pulps than in high lignin content mechanical pulps. This chapter describes methods for restoring some or all the interfiber bonding. In an attempt to develop a "dry" newspaper recycling process, the water-intensive repulping and paper-forming steps were replaced with dry-fiberizing, air-forming, gas-phase ozone and ammonia treatments, and pressdrying. The tensile strength of the dry-recycled paper approached that of the original newsprint.

In excess of one million tonnes of recovered paper is collected annually in South Africa. This is 62% of the available recoverable paper. Paper fibres deteriorate in strength during each recycling cycle.

Environmental Management in Practice, 2011

The Effects of Paper Recycling and its Environmental Impact 331 recycled paper. Especially, chemical pulp-origin paper, that is, fine paper requires a certain level of strength. Howard & Bichard (1992) reported that beaten bleached kraft pulp produced handsheets which were bulky and weak in tensile and burst strengths by handsheet recycling. This behaviour could be explained by the reduction in re-swelling capability or the reduction in flexibility of rewetted pulp fibers due to fiber hornification and, possibly, by fines loss during recycling processes, which decrease both total bonding area and the strength of paper (

Turkish Journal of Forest Science, 2021

This study deals with the utilization of primary and secondary fibers for the office paper production. Pinus brutia (BF) and wheat straws pulps (WF) were used as primary fiber (PF), and mixed office wastes pulps were used as secondary fiber (SF). PFs were obtained from P. brutia chips and wheat straws by using kraft and soda-air cooking methods, respectively. Mixed office wastes were recycled according to International Association of the Deinking Industry (INGEDE) standards. Enzyme (X), oxygen (O), alkali extraction (E), hypochlorite (H), and formamidine sulphinic acid (F) bleaching stages were applied to PF and SF. The PF and SF were bleached in six stages (XOEHEH) and in three stages (XOF), respectively. Bleached PF and SF were blend in different rates (SF: 70-100%, BF and WF: 0-30%) and office papers were produced. Mechanical and optical properties of the papers were determined according to relevant standards. The highest mechanical properties (breaking length: 3.58 km, burst index: 1.51 kPa.m 2 g-1) were obtained from 70% SF, 25% WF, and 5% BF blends. Papers produced only with SFs have the highest optical properties (Whiteness: 80.65 ISO%, Brightness: 94.02 ISO%, Yellowness:-20.16 E313). However, in terms of both mechanical and optical properties, office paper can be produced from six different PF and SF blends according to the relevant standards.

Cellulose Chemistry and Technology

Statistical data show that further increase of recovered paper (RP) supply to European paper mills could come mainly from increasing and improving household collection. However, it is generally accepted that an extended collection from household is always detrimental to RP quality. Low quality of recovered paper is due to the high content of unusable materials consisting of non-paper components and unwanted paper and board (paper and board not according with RP grade definition). In this paper, the effects of unwanted paper and board (p& b) on recycled pulp properties are analysed for RP grades 1.11 and 1.04, which are originated of household collection. In the case of deinking RP grade 1.11, it was shown that even a low content (3-5%) of brown packaging p& b affects strongly the optical properties of deinked pulp, by decreasing brightness and increasing the number and size of specks due to brown fibres flakes. In case of packaging RP grade 1.04, increasing content of graphic paper results in lower freeness, higher contents of ash and short fibres, and lower mechanical strength of recycled pulp.

Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, 2022

This study aimed to determine whether 100% recycled papers can replace papers made from virgin fibers for the purpose of electrophotographic printing for packaging by evaluating the recycling potential of electrophotographically printed paper using the INGEDE and the washing deinking method. In the first part of the study, typical office copy paper, containing up to 30% recycled fiber, was printed electrophotographically. In the second part of the study, the deinked pulp was then used to prepare the handsheets for deinking evaluation, paper analysis and printability analysis. The print quality of the recycled papers was highly encouraging, as the results were comparable and, in some cases, identical to those of papers manufactured from virgin fibers.