The Insoluble and Illogical Dark Matter Paradox

Philosophy Unscrambles Dark Matter, 2019

Dark Matter was not matter at all. It was a theoretical brainteaser that finally philosophy had to unscramble. Scientists of today do not like this idea but philosophy is capable to deal with theoretical conundrums like dark matter. First chapter which is like a combat between mathematical counterintuitive physics and human commonsense, explains that human commonsense equipped with proper philosophical approach is capable to deal with the problem of dark matter.After making a case for philosophical method, this book then challenges the fundamental convictions of the established Cosmology and explains that even many visible galaxies are located at (light travel) distance of many hundred billion light years. There is no dark matter in any of the so-called 'proofs' of the existence of dark matter and MOND is also an engineered and artificial solution.This book has solved Galactic Rotation problem using Newton's theory and have shown that available theory was capable to explain the flat rotation curves of galaxies without necessitating the existence of dark matter. Thus theory itself is not challenged, blamed or modified. However understanding of scientists of their so-called counterintuitive theories is blamed. For example, to deal with the Galactic Rotation problem, the relevant part of Newton's Principia Mathematica was Proposition LXXIII, Theorem XXXIII. Whereas to deal with this problem, scientists had wrongfully applied Proposition LXXI, Theorem XXXI. Obviously, inaccurate application of available theory resulted in a fake problem and dark matter only served as a ghost solution to that bogus problem.Not only the Galactic Rotation, other so-called indicators of Dark Matter like Cluster Dynamics, Gravitational Lensing, Bullet Cluster, Dark Matter Ring, Fluctuations in CMB Temperature and Structures Formation etc. also have been explained without requiring the need for Dark Matter.Overall this book has presented a strong case of the failure of counterintuitive regime of established Cosmology and Physics.

It is shown that two tentative theories, one by Osiak that proposes necessary corrections to Einstein's relativistic energy expressions, and another by Harari and Shupe that supposes leptons and quarks have internal structure, when combined might explain the observed faster-than-expected rotational velocities of galaxies, that has led to a hypothesis that the majority of matter in the universe is non-luminous, or ``dark.'' As described, the theories together lead to an expectation that the gravitational constant has been overestimated, and so the gravitational masses of galaxies have been underestimated. Thus, if these two theories are valid, there may be no discrepancy between galactic densities of visible matter and their rotational velocities. Defining the mass of ``dark'' matter as the difference between gravitational and inertial mass, a notional calculation of the dark-to-visible matter ratio is performed based on the Harari-Shupe model, obtaining a result close to the expected value. Prospects for experimental falsification or confirmation of the proposed model are also discussed.

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2019

In this paper, it will be explained pedagogically about the necessity of the emergence of the hypothesis of dark matter in an effort to maintain the existing theory of gravity. Astronomical observations of the rotation of stars in the center of galaxies show very large deviations from the predictions of existing gravitational theories. To maintain the theory of gravity, a new hypothesis is needed, i.e. by emerging the concept of dark matter. Dark matter is thought to play a major role in its interaction with gravity throughout the universe and is responsible for the regularity of the rotation speed that is (almost) constant from all galaxies in the universe.

In this universe, not all of the matter around us can be readily seen. The further an object is away from us and the less luminous it is, the less visible it becomes. Just by looking at an object is usually difficult, if not impossible, to tell the amount of mass it contains. But astronomers have been using the measured luminosity to estimate the luminous mass of stars, based on empirically established mass-to-light ratio which seems to be only applicable to a special class of stars---the main-sequence stars---with still considerable uncertainties. Another basic tool for astronomers to determine the mass of a system of stars or galaxies comes from the study of their motion, as Newton demonstrated with his law of gravitation, which yields the gravitational mass. Because the luminous mass can at best only represent a portion of the gravitational mass, finding the luminous mass to be different or less than the gravitational mass should not be surprising. Using such an apparent discrepancy as compelling evidence for the so called dark matter, which has been believed to possess mysterious nonbaryonic properties having a dominant amount in galaxies and the universe, seems to be too far a stretch when seriously examining the facts and uncertainties in the measurement techniques. In our opinion, a galaxy with star type distribution varying from its center to edge may have a mass-to-light ratio varying accordingly. With the thin-disk model computations based on measured rotation curves, we found that most galaxies have a typical mass density profile that peaks at the galactic center and decreases rapidly within ~ 5% of the cut-off radius and then declines nearly exponentially toward the edge. The predicted mass density in the Galactic disk is reasonably within the reported range of that observed in interstellar medium. This leads us to believe that ordinary baryonic matter can be sufficient for supporting the observed galactic rotation curves; speculation of large amount of non-baryonic matter may be based on an ill-conceived discrepancy between gravitational mass and luminous mass which appears to be unjustified.

Brazilian Journal of Physics, 2013

The dark matter story passed through several stages on its way from a minor observational puzzle to a major challenge for theory of elementary particles. I begin the review with the description of the discovery of the mass paradox in our Galaxy and in clusters of galaxies. First hints of the problem appeared already in 1930s and later more observational arguments were brought up, but the issue of the mass

Dark matter is considered to be responsible for the unexpectedly high velocities exhibited by the galactic components within the galactic disc and by the galaxies situated within rich galaxy clusters. The velocities are high and the total light output due to visible matter alone cannot account for all the mass and gravity for the overall observed stability. The presence of additional matter in the form of dark matter is required to explain the gravitational stability at such high velocities. I present a theory based on the study of certain characteristics responsible for causing the galaxy rotation problem. Solution to the mentioned problem has been discussed by considering the baryonic matter distribution only. The orbital stability of galaxies at high velocities within rich galaxy clusters has also been taken into account. The theory provides a credible solution without considering dark matter and also without modifying the laws of gravity.

A close inspection of Zwicky's seminal papers on the dynamics of galaxy clusters reveals that the discrepancy discovered between the dynamical mass and the luminous mass of clusters has been widely overestimated in 1933 as a consequence of several factors, among which the excessive value of the Hubble constant $H_0$, then believed to be about seven times higher than today's average estimate. Taking account, in addition, of our present knowledge of classical dark matter inside galaxies, the contradiction can be reduced by a large factor. To explain the rather small remaining discrepancy of the order of 5, instead of appealing to a hypothetic exotic dark matter, the possibility of a inhomogeneous gravity is suggested. This is consistent with the ``cosmic tapestry" found in the eighties by De Lapparent and her co-authors, showing that the cosmos is highly inhomogeneous at large scale. A possible foundation for inhomogeneous gravitation is the universally discredited ancien...

It is hypothesized that dark matter (DM) can be due to the energy loss of the electromagnetic radiation, or of the massive particles, which cross the gravitational field of their cosmic sources. Indeed, before to be dispersed in the space, such radiations travelling against the gravitational field lose energy on long distances and this loss of energy is not recovered by an equivalent increase of mass at the source, while the energy conservation requires necessarily its restoring. Therefore, it is supposed the generation of a massive field, associated to the emissive activity of the cosmic sources and distributed in their gravitational field. This massive field is increasing during the time, being it correlated both to the history of the emissive activity of the sources themselves and to the intensity of their gravitational field. Hence, DM must decline at higher z-parameters of red-shift, while the presence of black holes must depress the presence of DM (core-cusp problem). The gravitational field produced by this hypothesized DM results in agreement with the MOND model. Experimental observations of merging galaxy clusters justify this representation.

In this paper, it will be explained pedagogically about the necessity of the emergence of the hypothesis of dark matter in an effort to maintain the existing theory of gravity. Astronomical observations of the rotation of stars in the center of galaxies show very large deviations from the predictions of existing gravitational theories. To maintain the theory of gravity, a new hypothesis is needed, i.e. by emerging the concept of dark matter. Dark matter is thought to play a major role in its interaction with gravity throughout the universe and is responsible for the regularity of the rotation speed that is (almost) constant from all galaxies in the universe.

In this study, we analyze one of the great enigmas of the Standard Model of Cosmology, which is constituted by what has been termed: Dark Matter, and which is also termed: the Missing Mass. The non-universality of the laws of traditional Celestial Mechanics that are valid in the Solar System, is established in former term. Subsequently, the appropriate mathematical expressions of the gravitational force that rules the Galactic Systems, as well as the galaxy clusters, are deduced. Finally, the true result is obtained, that it is not necessary to postulate the existence of that strange substance which is known as Dark Matter in order to justify the curve of radial galactic velocities. It is found that the experimental results, the measurements of the speeds of the stars in the galaxies, have a mathematical explanation with a different Celestial Mechanics as is established in this paper.