Update in eating disorders

International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2003

Objective: To review the literature on the incidence and prevalence of eating disorders. Methods: We searched Medline using several key terms relating to epidemiology and eating disorders and we checked the reference lists of the articles that we found. Special attention has been paid to methodologic problems affecting the selection of populations under study and the identification of cases. Results: An average prevalence rate for anorexia nervosa of 0.3% was found for young females. The prevalence rates for bulimia nervosa were 1% and 0.1% for young women and young men, respectively. The estimated prevalence of binge eating disorder is at least 1%. The incidence of anorexia nervosa is 8 cases per 100,000 population per year and the incidence of bulimia nervosa is 12 cases per 100,000 population per year. The incidence of anorexia nervosa increased over the past century, until the 1970s. Discussion: Only a minority of people who meet stringent diagnostic criteria for eating disorders are seen in mental health care. # 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 383-396, 2003.

Disease-a-Month, 1985

Journal of Psychiatric Research, 1985

Psychological Medicine, 1994

The case for biology in the aetiology of anorexia nervosa 1 It is now common to view anorexia nervosa as a multi-determined syndrome in which physical, psychological, family and sociocultural factors interact to produce the illness. Such a compromise position is difficult to refute. However, the components of this complex model neither explain nor account for the epidemiological and clinical features of the condition. A popular cultural thesis is that the victim of anorexia nervosa is struggling to change her body in an attempt to deal with the contradictory requirements of the female role in late twentiethcentury Western societies (Chernin, 1986; Orbach, 1986; Edwards, 1987). However, this thesis cannot account for the numerous clear descriptions of the condition which date from the middle of the nineteenth century (Marce, 1860; Gull, 1873; Lasegue, 1873), or even earlier (Morton, 1694). A common assumption held by many who argue for the importance of socio-cultural factors, is that there have been marked increases in the incidence of anorexia nervosa, over the last two or three decades. The evidence that anorexia nervosa, as opposed to bulimic disorders, has increased in incidence in parallel with the vast social changes of the last two centuries is, however, controversial. Although there is no doubt that case registers show an increase in anorexia nervosa over the last few decades (Kendell et al. 1973; Jones et al. 1980; Szmukler et al. 1986; Willi et al. 1990) this is probably an artefact, due to increased awareness of the condition and recognition of its psychological basis. When rigorous case-finding procedures were used (Lucas et al. 1988) no significant trends in incidence were found in the 45 years spanning from 1930 to 1979, although in a later paper which included the years 1980-5 a twofold increase in 15-24-year-old females was found (Lucas et al. 1991). The vivid case descriptions of anorexia nervosa in Hong Kong (Lee, 1991) serve to remind us that the form of the illness does vary between cultures; 'fear of fatness', in particular, is not universal. It was argued, at the NIMH-sponsored conference on cultural issues for DSM-IV, that anorexia nervosa can be found in developing countries if this criterion is omitted (Littlewood, 1992). At the same conference the proposal to classify anorexia nervosa as a 'culture bound' category was rejected. It is possible that the prevalence of anorexia nervosa is reduced in non-Western cultures but definitive studies have not been performed; rather, there has been a large series of case reports

AgiAl Publishing House (http://www.agialpress.com), 2013

The diagnostic consideration of the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa has been given much focus over the last two decades than previously, as clinicians have become more aware of the frequency of these disorders and the difficulties associated with their treatment (Brownell andFairburn 1995). Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa as known in the DSM-IV as eating disorders which are characterized by physically and/or psychologically harmful eating patterns. Although the psychological explanation of what we now call anorexia nervosa have been known about for centuries, it has only recently attracted much interest, due to greater public knowledge and increased incidence (although the latter claim has been disputed) (Gross and MclLveen 2006;Fombonne 1995). Most people suffering from anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa start by fasting. Anorexia nervosa is a deliberate self-starvation. A person whose body weight is less than expected for his or her body height and weight is considered to be anorexic. In contract, bulimia involves binge eating a large quantity of food followed by purging by self induced vomiting,enemas, laxatives, or diuretics (Goodenough et al. 2005).

2019

Eating disorders are a serious medical and social problems. The most commonly recognized eating disorders are anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa, now classified as a behavioral disorders. Anorexia nervosa is a disease involving intentional body weight reduction, distorted body image and the dysmorphophobia, often with concomitant depression and social withdrawal. Understanding anorexia is not only limited to a food or a body weight. Underlying disorders include: emotional issues, undetermined identity, a negative self-image, etc. AN has a reported prevalence in woman of 0,5-1%, and 0.05-0.1% in men. Prevalence rate among polish girls under 18 years old is 0.8%-1.8%. 113 The etiology of this disorder is multifactorial and unclear. The predisposing factors include: genetic factors, personality disorders, specific family patterns (overprotection, avoiding conflicts) and high economic status. Diagnosis of AN is a challenge. Symptomatology is variable, including: behavior changes, psychological and somatic symptoms, specific biochemical and hormonal abnormalities. A treatment is multidisciplinary and multi-stage, comprising: (1) the life saving therapy (prevention of dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and cachexia), (2) restoration of normal body weight, (3) adjuvant pharmacotherapy, (4) psychotherapy. The efficacy of treatment is unsatisfactory. Anorexia has the highest mortality rate of all mental disorders: after 15-20 years the mortality prevalence rate is 19-20%, mainly as a result of cardiovascular complications and suicides.

1988

2013

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European Journal of Internal Medicine, 2011

Background: Eating disorders are common health problems afflicting mainly female adolescents and young women. They are associated with important physical health and psychosocial morbidity, and carry increased risk of death. Their cause is not yet completely understood and their management is complex, with some patients resisting all available treatments. Aims of this review: To provide the readers with an update regarding our knowledge and understanding of eating disorders. Methods: Medline database has been used for searching articles on eating disorders published since 1980. The key words used were eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, bulimia, and binge eating. Professional books published during this period has been also reviewed. Conclusions: In the last 30 years a substantial improvement has been achieved both in the understanding and management of eating disorders, but many problems still need to be resolved. Three principal priorities should be addressed. First, the actual classification of eating disorders should be revised, since about half the cases seen in clinical practice receive a diagnosis of eating disorder not otherwise specified, and it is common to observe a migration between eating disorder diagnoses. Second, the research on pathogenesis should better clarify the exact role of genetic and environmental risk factors, and how they interact and vary across the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Third, there is an urgent need both to disseminate the few evidence-based treatments available, and to develop more potent treatments for all the eating disorder diagnostic categories.

American Journal of Psychiatry, 2007

Objective: Most previous studies of the prevalence, incidence, and outcome of anorexia nervosa have been limited to cases detected through the health care system, which may bias our understanding of the disorder's incidence and natural course. The authors sought to describe the onset and outcomes of anorexia nervosa in the general population.