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2009, Anaesthesia and intensive care
In taking 1960 as the foundation year for the practice of intensive care medicine in New Zealand, this paper briefly looks into the previous two centuries for some interventions in life-threatening conditions. With the help of descriptions in early 19th century journals and books by perceptive observers, the author focuses on some beliefs and practices of the Maori people during pre-European and later times, as well as aspects of medical treatment in New Zealand for early settlers and their descendents. Dr Laurie Gluckman's book Tangiwai has proved a valuable resource for New Zealand's medical history prior to 1860, while the recent publication of his findings from the examination of coroners' records for Auckland, 1841 to 1864, has been helpful. Drowning is highlighted as a common cause of accidental death, and consideration is given to alcohol as a factor. Following the 1893 foundation of the New Zealand Medical Journal, a limited number of its papers which are histori...
Vesalius : acta internationales historiae medicinae, 2004
New Zealand was discovered by Captain Cook in 1769. Over the next ninety years, increasing numbers of medical practitioners visited and began to settle in what became a British colony. The first medical visitors were usually naval surgeons or served on board whaling ships. The major influx of doctors occurred at the behest of the New Zealand Company between 1840 and 1848, although Christian missionaries, army doctors, and individual medical entrepreneurs also emigrated and provided services. This paper describes the pattern of medical settlement in the colony's earliest years and relates this to the health of the population and the development of medical and hospital services.
2010
This thesis examines health care in colonial New Zealand and sets about identifying and recognising the care which was given by women in their homes and communities. Based around four dominant etiological theories of the nineteenth century it explores the introduction, application and adaptation of medical knowledge in New Zealand. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Judith Macdonald for her support, guidance and good humour and the Anthropology Department, especially Dr. Michael Goldsmith, for welcoming me into the faculty. Thanks to Janice Smith for her absolute dependability and ready smile and to all the staff at Waikato University who have assisted and supported me up till now. I would like to acknowledge and thank the University of Waikato and The Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences for their financial support and recognition. Many thanks to my friends and family for listening to me and maintaining complete faith in my abilities. Special thanks to Stan for his invaluable editing skills and to Lindsey and Shelley for the constant support and insightful conversation. Thank you Marcus for the frequent reality checks and motivation. iv
This article draws on both published and unpublished private family writing to examine how European settler colonial families in southeastern Australia and New Zealand negotiated worlds of sickness and health between 1850 and 1910. It argues that personal writing is a neglected yet rich repository for shedding light on colonial cultures of health across families and households in colonial Australia and New Zealand. In examining challenges to well-being and gendered lay health care practices inside domestic spaces, we glimpse more than worlds of health and treatment. Through their management of health and illness in private domestic spaces, the sense of well-being colonial families created for their members tells us something both about their emotional lives and cultures of colonialism.
Internal and emergency medicine, 2011
The concept of a medical emergency, i.e., a time when immediate action is required to stabilize and restore the vital functions, is absent in the tradition of ancient medicine, which seeks to cure the sick. The theoretical and conceptual development of a prompt medical assistance definitely owes much to the refinement of instruments and surgical techniques that were develop in the early modern age, allowing the extension of therapeutic action to "healthy" individuals who are suddenly life-threatened due to an accident or to some external events that affect their vital functions. But it is especially in the eighteenth century that the epistemic basis of medical emergency is structured, when the Enlightenment gave rise to the ethical and political imperative of public assistance that required the planning of first aid at multiple levels, and medicine developed the concept of life-saving treatment. In particular, eighteenth century medicine, studying systems to assure immedia...
The concept of a medical emergency, i.e., a time when immediate action is required to stabilize and restore the vital functions, is absent in the tradition of ancient medicine, which seeks to cure the sick. The theoretical and conceptual development of a prompt medical assistance definitely owes much to the refinement of instruments and surgical techniques that were develop in the early modern age, allowing the extension of therapeutic action to ''healthy'' individuals who are suddenly lifethreatened due to an accident or to some external events that affect their vital functions. But it is especially in the eighteenth century that the epistemic basis of medical emergency is structured, when the Enlightenment gave rise to the ethical and political imperative of public assistance that required the planning of first aid at multiple levels, and medicine developed the concept of life-saving treatment. In particular, eighteenth century medicine, studying systems to assure immediate relief to the victims of accidentsespecially to the drowned-allowed the development of specific and methodological systems of resuscitation and emergency treatment.
Critical care and resuscitation : journal of the Australasian Academy of Critical Care Medicine, 2008
The newsletter of the Hannah Institute for the History of Medicine (Toronto, Canada). The newsletter linked together, for the first time, Canadian scholars working on the history of medicine. Editor-in-Chief: Dr. J. T. H. Connor Editor and Writer: David South
New Zealand Journal of Physiotherapy, 2017
This is the final paper reporting on a historiographic study of physical therapies in 19th century Aotearoa/New Zealand. Here we focus on the development of the Rotorua Spa in the final decades of the 19th century and follow the methodological framework of the first two papers by exploring the physical therapies and practitioners that were associated with the spa. The paper also examines how the spa also represents the embodiment of changing attitudes towards Māori, the role of central government, and the value of centrally organised healthcare. The second half of the paper provides a discussion of the main questions raised by the study, and considers the role that luxury and surplus may have played in the development of physical therapies in 19th century Aotearoa/New Zealand.
Barnes & Noble Books, 2020
Providing an account of the evolution of medicine, this book shows how the high-tech investigations and treatments of today grew out of the first fumblings for knowledge of the witch doctors and shamans of pre-history. Throughout, there are boxed stories on the great characters and incidents of the past, and feature spreads on turning points in medical approaches to disease. Finally, a collection of essays on medicine's future direction and development, divided into specialties written by leading experts, provides food for thought. Dr Sutcliffe is also the author of "Relaxation Techniques". "About this title" may belong to another edition of this title. CONTENTS Foreword: 6 Chapter One: The Earliest Medicine 8 P r e h is t o r ic H e a l t h : A Struggle f o r Survival 1 0 ; E g y p t ia n MEDICINE: Magic Spells as Psychotherapy 1 2 ; T h e FERTILE CRESCENT: Medicine Regulated by Law 1 4 ; MEDICINE OF THE EAST: An Alternative Tradition 16; ANCIENT GRE ECE: The Start o f the Hippocratic Tradition 1 8 ; ANCIENT ROME : Continuing the Greek Tradition 2 0 ; GALEN 2 2 ; T h e MIDDLE AGES: From Monasteries to Medical Schools 2 4 ; ANCIENT M e d i c in e R e v iv e d : From Persia to Spain 2 8 ; T h f. B i a c k D e a t h 3 0 . Chapter Two: The Renaissance and the Enlightenment 32 T h f . RENAISSANCE: Discovering the Fabric o f the Body 3 4 ; P a r a c e l s u s 3 6 ; T h e E n l i g h t e n m e n t : The Overthrow o f Galen 3 8 ; T h e G o l d e n A g e o f Q u a c k s : A Century o f Naivety 4 2 . Chapter Three: The Nineteenth Century 44 RELIEVING PAIN: From Laughing Gas to Cocaine 46; OPIUM SO; MEDICAL T e c h n o l o g y : Microscopes, Sphygmomanometers and Syringes 52; SAVING MOTHERS: Semmehveis and Childbed Fever 54; DISEASE TRANSMISSION: From Miasma to Microbes 56; RABIES 60; J o s e p h L i s t e r : The First Antiseptic Operation 62; COMMUNITIES OF CELLS: The Work o f Bernard and Virchow 64; BACK t o B a s i c s : The Beginnings o f Genetics 66; WOMEN UNDER THE K n i f e : Examination and Surgery 68; TH E D a w n in g OF PSYCHIATRY: From Cruel Spectacle to Legal Protection 72; T h e GREATEST HAPPINESS: Action on Public Health 74; T h e R e su r r ec t io n M e n 76; T h e R e t u r n o f t h e W OM EN: Nursing and Female Doctors 78; A n ALTERNATIVE PATH: Patent Cures and Complementary Medicine 82; H y d r o t h e r a p y : Taking the Waters 84. Chapter Four: Medicine Before World War II 86 P r a c t i c e a n d E d u c a t i o n : At the Turn o f the Century 88; WILLIAM S t e w a r t H a lS T E D : The Father o f American Surgery 9 0 ; LANDSTEINER AND B LO OD: The A-B-0 and Rhesus Systems 9 2 ; TROPICAL M e d i c in e : Malaria and Sleeping Sickness 9 4 ; Y e l l o w F e v e r 9 6 ; A r c s a n d Im p u ls e s : Discoveries in Neurology 9 8 ; SYPHILIS 1 0 0 ; THF. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: The Discovery o f Hormones 1 0 2 ; T h e DISCOVERY OF INSULIN 1 0 4 ; FIGHTING INFECTION: The Search f o r Magic Bullets 1 0 6 ; VIRUSES: The Search fo r Safe Vaccines 1 0 8 ; T h e STRUGGLE A g a i n s t TB: The Great White Plague 1 1 0 ; ALLERGY: Histamine and Anaphylaxis 1 1 2 ; OBSTETRIC ADVANCES: Towards S a f e Childbirth 114; HALDANE <Sl SON 116; P s y c h i a t r y & P s y c h o l o g y : From Sigmund Freud to BF Skinner 118; NUTRITION: The Discovery o f Vitamins 122; MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY: Microscopes and Electrical Monitoring 124; R o n t g e n AND X -RA Y S : Revealing the Body Beneath 126; Radia tion 128; P u b l i c H e a l t h : Improving the Well-being o f All Citizens 130. Chapter Five: The World at War 132 NEW WOUNDS AND DISEASES: War Brings Different Challenges 1 3 4 ; PENICILLIN: The Discovery o f the First Antibiotic 1 3 6 ; M c In d O E ’ s ‘GUINEA P ig s ’ : Advances in Plastic Surgery 1 3 8 ; HEALTH C a r e FOR A l l : Britain’s National Health Service 1 4 0 ; T h e O t h e r S i d e o e W a r 1 4 2 . Chapter Six: Medicine Since World War II — Perinatal Advances 144 BIRTH C o n t r o l : From Crocodile Dung to Planned Parenthood 1 4 6 ; T h e P il l : Developing an Oral Contraceptive 1 4 8 ; HAVING BABIES: The Rise o f the Interventionists 1 5 0 ; NATURAL C h i l d b i r t h 1 5 2 ; P r o t e c t in g C h il d r e n : Immunization and Early Warning 1 5 4 ; HOPE FOR ‘ Bl.UF. BABIES’ : Surgical Treatment fo r Congenital Heart Disease 1 5 6 . Chapter Seven: Medicine Since World War II — Advances in Science and Technology 158 T h e S t r u c t u r e OF L i f e : The Discovery o f the DNA Double Helix 1 6 0 ; T h e RISE OE PHARMACOLOGY: A New Panoply o f Drugs 1 6 4 ; T hf . B o d y W ITH IN : From Ultrasound to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 1 6 8 ; MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY: From Sausage Casings to Computers 1 7 2 ; H lP REPLACEMENT: The Search J o r a Low-Friction Solution 1 7 6 ; GRAFTS AND T r a n s p l a n t s : From Magic to Machinery 1 7 8 ; TREATING T he HEART: From Aspirin to Artijical Hearts 1 8 3 . Chapter Eight: Medicine Since World War II — Breakdowns and Breakthroughs 184 M e n t a l I l l n e s s : New Drugs, New Theories 1 8 6 ; P a r k i n s o n ’s D i s e a s e 1 8 8 ; T h e E n ig m a o f P a in : Pain Pathways to Pain Clinics 1 9 0 ; Tl-IE S e x RESEARCHERS: From Havelock Ellis to Masters S^Johnson 1 9 2 ; FIGHTING CANCER: From Cocktails to Cures 1 9 4 ; W om e n a n d C a n c e r 1 9 8 ; E m e r g in g V ir u s e s : Old Diseases in New Settings 2 0 0 ; POLIOMYELITIS: The Salk and Sabin Vaccines 2 0 2 ; T h e SCOURGE OF A ID S : The Natural History of a Serial Killer 2 0 4 . Chapter Nine: Ancient and Modern Approaches 208 INTERNATIONAL A c t io n : Vaccination, Rural Hospitals and War Work 2 1 0 ; S m a l l p o x 2 1 2 ; P r e v e n t iv e M e d ic in e : The l.ifestyle Approach to Prophylaxis 2 1 4 ; RETURN OF THE HOLISTIC: From Cynicism to Acceptance 2 1 8 ; T h e ACUPUNCTURE PUZZLE: Justifying an Ancient Tradition 2 2 2 . Chapter Ten: Into the Future 224 D is e a s e s o f t h e F u t u r e , by Dr Nicola McClure 2 2 6 ; PREVENTION, by Professor Michael Connor 2 2 8 ; DIAGNOSIS, by Dr Bill Lees 2 3 0 ; REPAIRING THE BO D Y , by Professor Dr Hero van Urk 2 3 4 ; HELPING THE BO D Y , by Professor James Mowbray 2 3 6 ; T h e S e a r c h FOR C u r e s , by Professor Karol Sikora 2 3 8 ; C o m p l e m e n t a r y M e d ic in e , by Dr Patrick Pietroni 2 4 0 ; M in d AND BO D Y , by Dr Cosmo Hallstrom 2 4 2 ; COPING WITH D e a t h , by Dr Robert Twycross 2 4 4 . Index 246 Acknowledgements 256 Published in the United States of America by: Barnes & Noble Inc. 1992 Barnes & Noble Books Copyright © 1992 Morgan Samuel Editions. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or in by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the copyright holders. ISBN 0-88029-927-4 This book was conceived, edited, designed and produced by Morgan Samuel Editions, 11 Uxbridge Street, London W8 7TQ Typeset in Perpetua at lOpt on llp t by Blackjacks, London. Separated, printed and bound by Toppan Printing Co (HK) Ltd, Hong Kong. FOR MORGAN SAMUEL EDITIONS: Additional writers: Mike Groushko; Bonnie Estridge; Dr Richard Hawkins; Mai Sainsbury; Mary Ingoldby Managing Editor: Pip Morgan Editorial: Rob Saunders, Jenny Barling Editorial assistants: Nisha Jani; Louise Francis Editorial research: Beverley Cook; Marv Ingoldby; Paul Worth; Nicholas Haining: Zad Rogers; Tamsin Marshal Picture research: Beverley Cook; Colin Humphrey; Jan Croot Design: Jonathan Baker & Jack Buchan of Blackjacks Cover design: Tony Paine, Atkinson Duckett Consultants Indexer: Michele Clarke Publisher: Nigel Perryman This book is intended solely as a work of reference on the history and possible future of medicine. It should not be referred to for advice or guidance on the diagnosis, treatment or prognosis of any medical condition. In case of illness, consult your doctor. Jenny Sutcliffe Nancy Duin Foreword by Professor Dr. Hero Van Urk ISBN 10: 0671711326 / ISBN 13: 9780671711320 Published by Barnes & Noble Books, NY, 1992
The newsletter of the Hannah Institute for the History of Medicine (Toronto, Canada). The newsletter linked together, for the first time, Canadian scholars working on the history of medicine. Editor-in-Chief: Dr. J. T. H. Connor Editor and Writer: David South
2008
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. 'A kind of ritual Pākehā tikanga'-Māori experiences of hospitalisation: A case study A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
2003
Health Department folklore since the 1950s has attributed the rise of health education in New Zealand almost entirely to the efforts of one man, 'Radio Doctor' Harold Turbott. The historical evidence reveals, however, a more extensive commitment by the Health Department, dating back to its foundation in 1900. This paper examines the evolution of health education in New Zealand and concludes that Turbott's role in its development has been overstated, largely at his own instigation.
Cultures of Care in Irish Medical History, 1750–1970, 2010
List of Tables Women who killed an infant (age under one year) and found to be insane at the time of the crime 5.2 Women who killed a child (age over one year) and found to be insane at the time of the crime 11.1 Mean number of children born per 100 women with marriages of 20-24 years' duration 11.2 Life expectancy at birth in Ireland 11.3 Life expectancy at birth in various European countries 11.4 Major infectious diseases, 1940-44 vii The editors would like to thank the Centre for the History of Medicine at the University of Warwick for supporting the original workshop at which these papers were presented. We are also grateful to the Wellcome Trust which funded that workshop. We made use of a wide network of colleagues to review the articles in this book and we would like to thank them for their comments and support for this publication.
2004
A novel approach for selective brain cooling: implications for hypercapnia and seizure activity
Hawaiian Journal of History, 2015
Critical Care and Resuscitation Journal of the Australasian Academy of Critical Care Medicine, 2008
Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 2001
2014
The main medicopolitical struggle was with the mutualaid friendly societies, which funded basic medical care for a signifi cant proportion of the population until well into the 20th century. The organised profession set out to overcome the power of the lay-controlled societies in imposing an unacceptable contract system on doctors, even if, historically, the guaranteed income was a sine qua non of practice in poorer areas. In this supplement, all the articles except this one focus on the period from about 1900, when modern scientifi c medicine came into its own in Australia. Here, I provide an overview of medicine in colonial Australia, as well as background to the post-1900 articles. For reasons of space, I confi ne my account of the period after about 1850 to the colonies of New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia, where the new university medical schools were located. I do not cover psychiatry because in the period under consideration it was almost exclusively practised i...
Medical History, 1996
In his memoirs, the prominent New Zealand surgeon, A Eisdell Moore, described his parents' decision to emigrate from Britain to New Zealand in 1885: Father, who had been a chemist in Clifton, Bristol, had had several severe haemorrhages from his lungs. A consulting physician in Harley Street had told him that his only hope of survival was to come to New Zealand. My mother often recalled that as they were embarking at Plymouth she overheard the first officer say, "There's another to go over the side during the voyage."1 In this case the officer was mistaken-Moore's father not only survived the voyage but lived almost fifty years more. Not all were so lucky. In 1901, Dr James Mason, New Zealand's first Chief Health Officer, wrote in relation to tuberculosis cases: Any medical man in practice in the colony could, from his case-books, collect many cases of people who when they landed had no possible chance of recovery, and the only part of New Zealand they ever saw was the inside of a ward of a general hospital.2
The New Zealand journal of history, 1988
WOMEN entered New Zealand medicine with little fuss and few impediments. Eliza Frikart's registration in 1893 went unnoticed and has since been all but forgotten. Frikart's brief New Zealand career as an advertising doctor peddling abortefacients did little to hinder the path of the better known figures of Margaret Cruikshank and Emily Siedeberg who followed her later in the decade. Yet, having penetrated the profession and soon comprising around 10% of new registrations, women remained at this level until well after the introduction of social security, their numbers rising only temporarily as a result of the Great War. By 1941 women made up 8.6% of all those doctors registered since 1867 but despite their late start were still only 10.3% of that year's registrations.' Women were also far less successful in achieving the high incomes medicine offered their male colleagues. 2 With a few exceptions, the comparatively large number of women in the Health Department remained at its lower levels. In a profession where full-time private practice with an honorary hospital appointment was the confirmation of professional accomplishment, women were more likely to be salaried and part-time. While a few gained positions as visiting consultants these were usually in less fashionable specialities. Surgery, which offered the highest incomes, remained a gentlemen's club. Still, in medicine, compared with other high status, high income professions, women were well represented. 3 In 1936 there were 83 women doctors, two women school inspectors, fourteen dentists, four architects and no university professors. 4 Why were the barriers preventing women from entering the medical profession so much more easily overcome than were the more subtle obstructions which frustrated women from competing in the medical economy on an equal footing with their male colleagues? While the New Zealand situation was similar to that of other societies, the relatively small size of the New Zealand profession allows a view of the experience of all women doctors rather than just of those whose strength of character, determination and good fortune allowed them to become successful medical practitioners. 5 Women became doctors, as they became teachers, because medicine, like education, was compatible with current stereotypes of women's role in society. The terms 'lady doctor' and 'medical man' were more than simple labels: they carried with them much of the sexual ideology of Victorian respectability. 'Medical man' was commonly used to denote the medical practitioner as entrepreneur. Whenever the profession as a whole described doctors as actively engaged in the medical economy-developing practices, or pursuing their careers-it tended to make the doctor masculine. 'Lady doctor', on the other hand, had very different connotations. The term implied that women doctors remained 'ladies', and as such continued to fulfil social roles consistent with late nineteenth-century norms of behaviour acceptable for middle-class women. Many values attributed to this feminine mystique were also part of the developing professional ethos. Doctors, too, were advancing themselves as compassionate, serving healers, more concerned with preventing suffering than amassing fortunes. In return for being accepted, even in a limited role, women lent medicine the virtues of their sex. Doris Gordon's professional and political role was, for instance, that of a pragmatic defender of the private practice economy in midwifery, but she was able to present herself as no more than a dedicated woman 'fired with a compelling ambition to serve as a medical missionary, a decision which later circumstances altered to service for country mothers'. 6 Nonetheless, precisely because feminine virtues contrasted with the masculine economic and scientific characteristics of the 'medical man', women doctors, once over the considerable hurdle of getting a medical education, then faced even more challenging obstacles to professional equality within the medical marketplace. New Zealand women were saved the political battles over entry into medical schools and the right to registration and academic qualifications
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