Galgal Wheel - World Calendar

The Yuga cycles of India are related to the precession of the equinoxes, and the ages can be fixed to specific dates according to astronomical phenomena described in the sacred texts.

From 'Time's Alteration' (UCL Press/Taylor & Francis), 1998

An outline of the western calendar, designed to explain how it began, why it appears so complicated, and why reform was so controversial. Includes an explanation of why Easter keeps moving around. Originally a chapter from my book 'Time's Alteration', this also formed the chapter on 'The Calendar' in the Scribner 'Dictionary of Early Modern Europe'.

Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, Ambedkar University Agra U.P (INDIA). Volume 4 Issue 11 pp.114-130, ISSN 2249-7315., 2015

Nations all over the world have sought different ways and methods to monitor, track and keep time in sequence with happenings around them. The Calendar serves as one of the greatest inventions of man to achieve this noble objective. A calendar therefore serves as a tool for man to keep records of events around them, to monitor changes in the environment, to keep themselves abreast with the dynamic weather conditions. As Nations have distinct characteristics, the evolution of Calendars all over the world was based on the movement of the astrological symbols such as the stars, moon and the sun in different regions of the world while having unique beliefs, cultures and traditional undertones of such nations at hand. This work sets to examine the development of Calendars in different nations of the world with an aim of understanding the factors that have shaped the development of calendars worldwide.

Proceedings of the XV National Conference of Astronomers of Serbia, 2009

In this article we try to answer the question how and why did Chinese ancient astronomy came into being and how did one lonesome and original calendar system on the very end of the world develop. At the beginning, Chinese people distinguished time of the year by the annual cycles of plants and animals, but soon began to determine seasons by observing celestial bodies. Early successful measuring of tropical year and synodic month made possible for Chinese people to issue first calendars very early. Spring and Autumn (Chunqiu) period (770 - 476 BC) brought forward first official calendars. Further improvement of calendars was caused owing to the development of new astronomical instruments. Chinese calendars also originate from the metaphysical concepts of Qi, Yin-Yang and 5 elements. 5 elements were connected with Chinese 5 seasons of the year and this was the first form of solar calendar. Later, it developed into solar calendar with 10 months. In the next phase, Chinese calendar turned into lunisolar calendar which also has its evolution. Chinese people invented Sifen calendar ”with division by four” (the name of this calendar). They also added 24 solar terms to make calendar harmonize with natural cycles. Li Chunfeng rearranged intercalations and used month without main solar term and divided months into short and long months. Sexagesimal system of time measuring refers to the system of Chinese 10 Heavenly Stems and 12 Earthly Branches. Its purpose is to measure time and define years, months, days and hours.

The Hungarian Calendar, 2004

LCCN: 2009498793

Abstract from Gotland the Pearl of the Baltic Sea Center of commerce and culture in the Baltic Sea region for over 2000 years Tore Gannholm

Sea Rovers, Silk, and Samurai: Maritime East Asia in World History, 1500-1750, 2016

“Maps, Calendars and Diagrams: Space and Time in Seventeenth-Century Maritime East Asia.” In Tonio Andrade and Xing Hang, eds. Sea Rovers, Silk, and Samurai: Maritime East Asia in World History, 1500-1750. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2016) 86-113.

2023

This article takes a look at the origin of the Calendar found in Gezer.

RUDOLF HABELT VERLAG: BONN , 1992

In this revised edition for publication on academia.edu, I leave off the month reconstructions and the glossary as they were revised in my 2001 A Definitive Reconstructed Text of the Gaulish Coligny Calendar. The reconstructed Months 102 to 212 will be found at the end of that work, while Months 301 to 512 are found in the companion Reconstructed Text of the Gaulish Coligny Calendar since all of the months would not download in academia.edu as a single text. The original glossary in the 1992 work suffered from the limitations of the 1980’s word processors with limited character sets. The original month reconstructions given in the 1992 Habelt publication are accurate, but I feel it is best to give them alongside the reconstructed Photoshop months for credibility. This revised edition of the 1992 Habelt work The Gaulish Calendar then may be seen as the first half of a complete work on the calendar. The major innovation is a revised analysis of the month names, based upon utilizing the Greek, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Frankish, Welsh, Irish, Scottish, and Icelandic month names to provide a context as well as a greater understanding of the nature of Celtic deities than I had in 1992. However, I have drawn the line at referencing books published after 1992 in this limited revision, based upon correcting errors in analysis as well as in editing. Having read the whole 1992 work through several times, there is little if anything printed here that I would not find apt in 2002 in describing the Coligny Calendar on this 30th anniversary of completing the original work on the calendar. The fragmentary calendar plate from Coligny (near Lyons) apparently dates to the second-century AD, although the Gaulish calendar engraved on this plate is plainly the result of a long transmission process. The 25-year-cycle calendar, the final system of this transmission process, probably originated early in the first-century BC, before Caesar’s conquest. It is within this late pre-Roman period that the calendar took on its final form and notation to enter a two-century long transmission process during which many copying errors were introduced. Embedded within the notation of the 25-year-cycle Coligny calendar is a 30-year-cycle calendar. The notation on the Coligny plate indicates that the original constant-lunar 30-year-cycle calendar system (from which the later shifting lunar calendar developed) had each month begin on the first day of the new moon. Using a photo-processing program (Adobe Photoshop V) to create the month for my 2001 work, segments duplicating the missing notation were copied from surviving fragments of the Coligny calendar and then were utilized to fill in the missing sequences on the calendar maintaining the original spatial integrity of the fragmentary mosaic (taken from RIG: III at ¾ scale, but shown in plates 2 and 3 at about ¼ scale and elsewhere at ½ scale). Indeed, the original fragmentary mosaic (plate 2) is still embedded in the digitally-reconstructed whole calendar (plate 3). Thus, the fragmentary calendar was brought to photographic completion utilizing the original wording and engraving to be found on the surviving fragments. Pinault, one of the coauthors along with Duval of RIG: III: Les Calendriers, has also accepted my reconstruction of the original pattern in the distribution of these TII marks and their associated terminology (in a review in Gnomen (1996), vol. 68: 706-710).

Ethnologies