IRJET- Frictionless Electromagnetic Braking System

An electromagnetic brake may be a new and revolutionary concept. Electromagnetic braking system may be a modern technology braking system utilized in light motor heavy automobiles. This system is a combination of electromechanical concepts. The frequency of accidents is now-a-days increasing thanks to inefficient braking system. It is apparent that the electromagnetic brake is an important complement to the safe braking of heavy vehicles. It aims to attenuate the breakdown to avoid the road accidents. It also reduces the maintenance of braking system. An advantage of this technique is that it is often used on any vehicle with minor modifications to the transmission and electrical systems. An Electromagnetic Braking system uses magnetism to interact the brake, but the facility required for braking is transmitted manually. The disc is connected to a shaft and the electromagnet is mounted on the frame. When electricity is applied to the coil a magnetic field is developed across the armature due to the present flowing across the coil and causes armature to urge attracted towards the coil. As a result, it develops a torque and eventually the vehicle involves rest. These brakes are often incorporated in heavy vehicles as an auxiliary brake. The electromagnetic brakes are often utilized in commercial vehicles by controlling the present supplied to supply the magnetic flux. The working rule of this technique is that when the magnetic flux passes through and perpendicular to the rotating wheel the eddy Current flows opposite to the rotating wheel/rotor direction. This eddy current trying to prevent the rotating wheel or rotor. This results in the rotating wheel or rotor comes to rest/ neutral these are totally friction less. Due to this, they are more durable have longer life spangles maintenance is there. These brakes are a superb replacement on the convectional brakes thanks to their many advantages. The reason for implementing this brake in automobiles is to scale back wear in brakes because it friction less. Therefore, there will also be no heat loss. The electromagnetic brakes are much effective than conventional brakes the time taken for application of brakes is also smaller.

IRJET, 2021

Most of the braking systems utilize friction forces to transform the kinetic energy of a moving body into heat that is dissipated by the braking pads. The overuse of friction-type braking systems causes the temperature of the braking pads to rise, reducing the effectiveness of the system. An Electromagnetic Braking system uses Magnetic force to engage the brake, but the power required for braking is transmitted manually. The disc is connected to a shaft and the electromagnet is mounted on the frame .When electricity is applied to the coil a magnetic field is developed across the armature. The eddy-current is created by the relative motion between a magnet and a metal (or alloy) conductor. The current induces the reverse magnetic field and results in the deceleration of motion. The proposed mechanism implements this phenomenon in developing a braking system. The potential applications of the braking system can be a decelerating system to increase the safety of an elevator or any guided rail transportation system As a result it develops a torque and eventually the vehicle comes to rest. In this project the advantage of using the electromagnetic braking system in automobile is studied. These brakes can be incorporated in heavy vehicles as an auxiliary brake. The electromagnetic brakes can be used in commercial vehicles by controlling the current supplied to produce the magnetic flux. Making some improvements in the brakes it can be used in automobiles in future. . It also reduces the maintenance of braking system. An advantage of this system is that it can be used on any vehicle with minor modifications to the transmission and electrical systems.

An Electromagnetic Braking system uses Magnetic force to engage the brake, but the power required for braking is transmitted manually. The disc is connected to a shaft and the electromagnet is mounted on the frame .When electricity is applied to the coil a magnetic field is developed across the armature because of the current flowing across the coil and causes armature to get attracted towards the coil. As a result it develops a torque and eventually the vehicle comes to rest. In this project the advantage of using the electromagnetic braking system in automobile is studied. These brakes can be incorporated in heavy vehicles as an auxiliary brake. The electromagnetic brakes can be used in commercial vehicles by controlling the current supplied to produce the magnetic flux. Making some improvements in the brakes it can be used in automobiles in future

An electromagnetic brake is a new and revolutionary concept. Electromagnetic braking system is a modern technology braking system used in light motor & heavy motor vehicles like car, jeep, truck, busses etc. This system is a combination of electro-mechanical concepts. The frequency of accidents is now-a-days increasing due to inefficient braking system. In this research work, with a view to enhance to the braking system in automobile, a prototype model is fabricated and analyzed. It is apparent that the electromagnetic brake is an essential complement to the safe braking of heavy vehicles. It aims to minimize the brake failure to avoid the road accidents. It also reduces the maintenance of braking system. An advantage of this system is that it can be used on any vehicle with minor modifications to the transmission and electrical systems.

— An Electromagnetic braking system uses magnetic force for braking purpose, but the power required for braking is transmitted manually. This system is a combination of electro-mechanical concepts. The accidents are now-a-days increasing due to inefficient braking system. In this research work, with a view to enhance to the braking system in automobile. In this project we will study how to use electromagnetic braking system in automobile. These brakes can be used in heavy vehicles as an auxiliary brake. The electromagnetic brakes can be used in commercial vehicles. Making some improvements in the brakes it can be used in automobiles in future.

An electromagnetic braking system uses magnetic force to engage the brake, but the power required for braking is transmitted manually. The disc is connected to a shaft and the electromagnet is mounted on the frame .When electricity is applied to the coil a magnetic field is developed across the armature because of the current flowing across the coil and causes armature to get attracted towards the coil. As a result it develops a torque and eventually the vehicle comes to rest. The behavior of two different materials to be used as brake disc which are aluminum & copper was studied. The experiment also aimed to see the effects of increasing the current induced into electromagnet which produce drag force that will slow down the motion. A few graph been presented to show the best material to be used as the brake disc for electromagnetic braking system using eddy current project. The variation in braking time & braking torque with respect to variation in air gap & current was studied & graphs were plotted to show the results.

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2022

Accident prevention has been one of the leading areas of research today. Our paper is designed to prevent accidents due to loss of control, drunken driving, and rash driving, using circuitry aided by a microcontroller kit. In our work, braking distance and the distance of the obstacle are taken into consideration along with the speed of the vehicle. The sensor helps in finding the speed of movement of the vehicle and the ultrasonic sensor senses the distance of the object in front. These sensors provide real-time inputs to the microcontroller program. Using sensor the system will sense the speed of the vehicle and with the microcontroller, it will calculate the distance required to bring the vehicle to a complete stop for that speed. Breaking motors is incorporated to activate the brakes thereby achieving automatic breaking procedures. The system helps in conjunction with the driver judgment if the driver doesn't sense the obstacle and applies the brake at the right time then the microcontroller initiates braking motor to apply the brakes automatically. Our future work deals with incorporating real time brake shoe wear system to provide enhanced feature for the intelligent braking system.  By looking at safety in terms of avoiding accidents in the first place.  And then protecting occupants when a crash is unavoidable.  We can prevent more accidents, save more lives, and reduce insurance and medical costs to society. Intelligent Braking System approach represents a significant shift from the traditional approach to safety, but it is fundamental to achieving the substantial benefits. I. INTRODUCTION The Braking System is the most critical system on your vehicle. Its maintenance and proper functioning are vital to you, your family and other motorists. You should not attempt to effectuate maintenance or repair work on brakes. Servicing or repairing the braking system requires specific tools and adequate technical training. That is exactly what Auto tech Performance offers you. Electromagnetic brakes have been used as supplementary retardation equipment in addition to the regular friction brakes on heavy vehicles. We outline the general principles of regular brakes and several alternative retardation techniques in this section. The working principle and characteristics of electromagnetic brakes are then highlighted. The principle of braking in road vehicles involves the conversion of kinetic energy into thermal energy (heat). When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force several times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion and dissipates the associated kinetic energy as heat. Brakes must be able to arrest the speed of a vehicle in a short periods of time regardless how fast the speed is. As a result, the brakes are required to have the ability to generating high torque and absorbing energy at extremely high rates for short periods of time. Brakes may be applied for a prolonged periods of time in some applications such as a heavy vehicle descending a long gradient at high speed. Brakes have to have the mechanism to keep the heat absorption capability for prolonged periods of time. In the electromagnetic brake, the coil or solenoid attracts a steel disc. The steel disc presses a brake disc made of sintered or asbestos material between itself and a stationary steel disc. The torque is thus 'grounded' and braking action takes place. This type of brake is used in machines like lathes, presses etc. In electromagnetic braking system electromagnetic property is used due to this action of braking will be done. In this system, electro magnet iron plate, liners, tension spring, stud, disc brake plate are used. The brake liners are attached with electro-magnet and iron plate individually and both plate insert the disc plate and this plate rigidly attached with wheels. The battery of minimum 12 volt is used for external power supply. Electromagnet consists of wire wound over a soft iron core. When current is passed through the coil, it produces a magnetic field which magnetizes the core into the bar magnet with the polarities. Strong magnetic field is obtained by high currents of large self-induction. High currents are not always feasible, which is why a high self-induction is obtained by making a loop of wire in the shape of a coil, a so-called solenoid. More current and more turns produce a stronger magnetic field which results in stronger electromagnet. When current is switched OFF field disappears and the iron core no longer a magnet. This ability of an electromagnet provides a strong magnetic force of attraction. Shape geometry and material used in construction of electromagnet decide the shape and strength of magnetic field produced by it.

The design of an electromagnetic disc brake requires a multidisciplinary approach. Its performance is an outcome of usage of concepts from various fields' viz. mechanical, electrical, magnetic and material engineering. This paper describes a new type of electromagnetic disc brake for retarding the motion of a vehicle. In this study, a comprehensive design procedure for electromagnetic disc brake is presented to ensure maximum efficiency along with effective braking. Varied magnetic materials are discussed in terms of minimizing the cost while meeting electromagnetic performance characteristics. An analytical model is developed to optimize braking effort with combination of input current and voltage using sensors and voltage regulator, wear and tear of brakes, maintenance. Calibration between spring expansion (output) and source voltage (input) is derived for prompt operation of the brakes. Also, structural analysis of nodal forces on the cross-structure and brake disc is also carried out to ensure reliability. The analytical results so obtained are within the acceptable range for braking.