UTILIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE MATERIAL RED MUD: A REVIEW

Red mud is a solid residue Produced during the alumina production by the bayer process from bauxite. The red mud generated by this process is highly alkaline with pH usually ranging from 10 to 13. Due to its hazardous corrosive nature its posing a very serious and alarming environmental problem. Globally there are approximately 90 million tonnes of red mud being produced every year. More than 4 million tons of red mud is generated annually in India only. The amount of the red mud generated per ton of the alumina processed, varies greatly with the type of the bauxite ore used. Due to its hazardous nature it is a great challange to researcher to develop new methods for the application of red mud. Various research work going on for the storage, disposal and utilization of the red mud in all over the world. This paper reviews the current status and future trend of the red mud characterization, disposal, various neutralization methods and utilization in world as well as in Indian context.

Red mud is an industrial by-product produced in the manufacturing of alumina from bauxite ores. Annually, it is estimated that approximately 120 million tons of red mud waste are generated around the world. It is generally insoluble and profoundly alkaline in nature. The dumping of red mud has deleterious effects on land, underground water, and the surrounding areas. At present, the usage of red mud is a crucial issue and a ton of research and formative exercises are going on everywhere all over the world to discover successful and productive methods for its consumption. This article presents an audit of past studies and examinations on the usage of red mud in construction practices, especially in cement and concrete industries.

IOP conference series, 2017

Red mud is a waste originated in the processing of bauxite into aluminium, which properties of high alkalinity make it cumulatively stored, occupying increasing deforested areas. Annually, it is estimated that approximately 117 million tons of red mud are generated in the world, with no prospect of use, what represents an imminent risk of pollution prone to contamination. Nevertheless, environmental liabilities caused by red mud affect not only the environment, but also the companies responsible for the waste, which will be subject to highest fee payments. Although there are studies that prove the feasibility of using this solid waste in the constitution of ceramic materials, there are no large-scale applications. This study seeks to evaluate the possibilities of red mud application in construction industry, focusing into two main areas: cement production/ceramic material and road construction. Backgrounds from other researchers were taken into consideration and analysed according environmental, economic and technical feasibilities.

Red mud is a solid waste residue of the digestion of bauxite ores with caustic soda for alumina production. Its disposal remains a worldwide issue in terms of environmental concerns. During the past decades, extensive work has been done by a lot of researchers to develop various economic ways for the utilization of red mud. This paper provides a review on the comprehensive utilization of red mud globally. The research progress of safe stockpiling of red mud is summarized. Enormous quantity of red mud is generated worldwide every year posing a very serious and alarming environmental problem. This paper describes the production and characterization of bauxite and red mud in view of World and Indian context. It reviews comprehensively the disposal and neutralization methods of red mud and gives the detailed assessment of the work carried until now for the utilization of red mud in different fields. The chemical and mineralogical characteristics of red mud are summarized with their environmental concerns.

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017

Red mud is a waste originated in the processing of bauxite into aluminium, which properties of high alkalinity make it cumulatively stored, occupying increasing deforested areas. Annually, it is estimated that approximately 117 million tons of red mud are generated in the world, with no prospect of use, what represents an imminent risk of pollution prone to contamination. Nevertheless, environmental liabilities caused by red mud affect not only the environment, but also the companies responsible for the waste, which will be subject to highest fee payments. Although there are studies that prove the feasibility of using this solid waste in the constitution of ceramic materials, there are no large-scale applications. This study seeks to evaluate the possibilities of red mud application in construction industry, focusing into two main areas: cement production/ceramic material and road construction. Backgrounds from other researchers were taken into consideration and analysed according environmental, economic and technical feasibilities.

2020

Aluminum is 3 rd abundant component in earth's crust that establishes about 7.3% by mass. After steel aluminum is world's second most utilized metal. These days, the aluminum products demand is gradually increased yearly due to it has numerous advantages that create it distinctive from all. It might give strength of steel, whereas forming flexibility,alloys, recyclable, durability,&numerousadvantages.[5]

World

In the Bayer process of extraction of alumina from bauxite, the insoluble product generated after bauxite digestion with sodium hydroxide at elevated temperature and pressure is known as ‗red mud' or ‗bauxite residue'. Enormous quantity of red mud is generated worldwide every year posing a very serious and alarming environmental problem. This paper describes the production and characterization of bauxite and red mud in view of World and Indian context. It reviews comprehensively the disposal and neutralization methods of red mud and gives the detailed assessment of the work carried until now for the utilization of red mud in the field of building (geopolymers, clay material, cements, ceramics, fired and nonfired building materials, concrete industry), pollution control (in wastewater treatment, absorption and purification of acid waste gases), metal recovery (iron, titanium, aluminium, alkali, rare earths), coagulant, adsorbent, catalyst and in soil remediation. It also reviews the work carried out for rehabilitation of red mud ponds. This paper is an effort to analyze these developments and progress made which would be very useful in the context of environmental concerns for disposal and utilization of red mud.

IRJET, 2020

Red mud is an industrial by-product produced in the manufacturing of alumina from bauxite ores. Annually, it is estimated that approximately 120 million tons of red mud waste are generated around the world. It is generally insoluble and profoundly alkaline in nature. The dumping of red mud has deleterious effects on land, underground water, and the surrounding areas. At present, the usage of red mud is a crucial issue and a ton of research and formative exercises are going on everywhere all over the world to discover successful and productive methods for its consumption. This article presents an audit of past studies and examinations on the usage of red mud in construction practices, especially in cement and concrete industries.

Transactions of the Indian National Academy of Engineering

In the Bayer's process of extracting alumina from bauxite using caustic soda, the waste generated is called as red mud/ bauxite residue. About 1-2.5 tonne of bauxite residue is generated per tonne of alumina produced depending upon the bauxite and process conditions used. It is generally stockpiled into the red mud ponds situated near the industrial area and is highly alkaline which is a matter of environmental concern. Hence it becomes necessary to look upon its waste management and utilization for various applications. This paper is an endeavour to focus upon the efforts taken by the researchers worldwide to make use of red mud in building and construction industry. It projects Indian and world bauxite and alumina scenario. Chemical composition of red mud generated in different countries has been presented. Work carried out on the sub-applications of building and construction such as bricks, ceramics, cement, geopolymers, clay materials, slag treatment, road construction, and fillers has been described. Pilot plant/commercialization in this application area till date has been mentioned. Issues which are restricting use of red mud in building and construction have been discussed. Some guidelines for the appropriate management and utilization of red mud have been stated.

International Journal of Mineral Processing, 2013

Red mud is a solid waste produced in the process of alumina production from bauxite following the Bayer process. More than 4 million tons of red mud is generated annually in India only. Presently, it is stored or dumped on land, or in the oceans near alumina refineries. However, its high alkalinity is a potential pollution to threat water, land and air. While high costs are associated with the large area of land required for storage of the residue. India is amongst the major producers of alumina in the world. There are some differences in mineralogical composition between the residues from India and other countries due to the difference in the ore type in its production processes. Significant achievements in treatment and utilization of red mud have been obtained in India in the last decade. In this paper, the various proposals for the utilization of red mud generated in India are presented. Similarly, the drawbacks associated with these potential commercial applications of red mud are discussed.