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This paper explores the concept of selfhood in Seneca's Stoic philosophy, contrasting the 'proficient self' and 'ideal self.' It argues that the Senecan self is dynamic and engaged in continual self-improvement through various practices such as meditatio, self-review, and rational discourse. The analysis reaffirms the Stoic unity of self against dualistic interpretations, highlighting the philosophical implications of self-correction, the pursuit of virtue, and the often unachievable ideal of the Stoic sage.
The essay approaches the idea of the self as this was most often formulated in antiquity from Heraclitus to Augustine — not as the object of self-fashioning and self-care, but as an irresolvable problem that was a productive if disconcerting source of inquiry. The self is less cultivated than it is " unbounded, " less wedded to regimes of truth and discovery than it is exposed, precariously, to crises of identity and coherence in the face of a constantly changing and unfathomable world. The self on this view of it does not conform to the accounts that are given by Fou-cault, Hadot, or Gill. Readings of Marcus Aurelius, Seneca, and Augustine are used to support this first attempt at an alternative picture of the self in antiquity.
Share , 2022
This paper concerns philosophy being a ‘self-transformative agent’, as was observed by Foucault and his observations on the Stoics. Philosophy teaches doing, not saying, conveyed one of Seneca’s aphorisms, which in turn aspires to transform how we live. This depiction of philosophy as a self-transformative practice amongst other writings of Stoic philosophers was perceived by Foucault in his work. On his interest in 'caring for the self', Foucault elicited insight from the Stoics through their way of perceiving philosophy. By examining such interpretations, this paper is divided into four parts: First, the transformation of the self is discussed from Foucault’s observations on the Stoics, second, the shift focuses on Foucault’s care of the self with reference to self-transformation, third, self-transformation is represented as a process of contradiction, and fourth, the paper tackles the subject with the ‘other’ as means of transcendence.
Classical Antiquity, 2020
Roman Stoicism is typically read as a therapeutic philosophy that is centered around the care of the self and presented in the form of a self-help manual. Closer examination reveals a less reassuring and more challenging side to the school’s teachings, one that provokes ethical reflection at the limits of the self’s intactness and coherence. The self is less an object of inquiry than the by-product of a complex set of experiences in the face of nature and society and across any number of flashpoints, from one’s own or others’ beliefs, actions, values, and relationships to the difficulty of sizing up one’s place in the universe. The pressures of natural and ethical reflection put intuitive conceptions of the self at considerable risk. The Roman Stoic self proves to be vulnerable, contingent, unbounded, relational, and opaque—in short, a rich matrix of problems that point beyond the individual self and anticipate contemporary critiques of the self. KEYWORDS: self, third-person, Lucretius, L. Annaeus Seneca, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius, Epicureanism, Stoicism, natural philosophy, ethics, contemporary critical theory
Classical Antiquity, 2020
Roman Stoicism is typically read as a therapeutic philosophy that is centered around the care of the self and presented in the form of a self-help manual. Closer examination reveals a less reassuring and more challenging side to the school's teachings, one that provokes ethical reflection at the limits of the self's intactness and coherence. The self is less an object of inquiry than the by-product of a complex set of experiences in the face of nature and society and across any number of flashpoints, from one's own or others' beliefs, actions, values, and relationships to the difficulty of sizing up one's place in the universe. The pressures of natural and ethical reflection put intuitive conceptions of the self at considerable risk. The Roman Stoic self proves to be vulnerable, contingent, unbounded, relational, and opaque-in short, a rich matrix of problems that point beyond the individual self and anticipate contemporary critiques of the self. You have to begin by analyzing the third person. One speaks, one sees, one dies. There are still subjects, of course-but they're specks dancing in the dust of the visible and permutations in an anonymous babble. The subject's always something derivative. It comes into being and vanishes in the fabric of what one says, what one sees.
Foucault Studies, 2007
A doctoral thesis arguing that the form of the Natural Questions is in part determined by Seneca's engagement with contemporary currents of debate between Stoicism and "Middle" Platonism. FULL ABSTRACT: The combination of ethics and physics in Seneca's Natural Questions has frequently puzzled scholars. Although a number of studies have attempted to reconcile the work's ethical and physical parts, others maintain that there is no substantial connection between them. Both positions are problematic. The former glosses over the quite obvious ways in which these vivid accounts of vice are thematically at odds with the physics; the latter results in a bifurcation of the aims of the work. This study argues that the incongruous character of these passages plays an integral part in the work's overall goal: to defend the Stoic account of the 'the good'. This account was under attack from Platonist rivals. The Stoics argue that the good is grounded ultimately in the wellbeing of the cosmos as a whole; Platonists maintain that conceptualising the good as such is impossible because, as empiricists, the Stoics can only account for a subjective understanding of the good, grounded first and foremost in the wellbeing of the body. Seneca's engagement with this debate is indicated by the frequent allusions to Plato in the work, particularly the idea of 'separating soul from body'. Seneca suggests that a carefully structured study of nature can achieve this 'separation'. This process helps agents to overcome the subjective, body-focussed perspective that the Platonists associate with empiricism. Seneca thus demonstrates a therapeutic means through which an empiricist agent could come to conceive of the good as the Stoics envisage it. This same process of separation from one's body, however, also provides an ideal opportunity to reflect critically on the objects that we tend to misidentify as goods. It is here that the moralising passages prove useful. These arresting accounts of vice serve to jar us into critical reflection on where we ground our understanding of the good.
Foucault Among the Stoics: Oikeiosis and Counter-Conduct, 2016
This paper explores the relation of Foucault's notion of counter-conduct to the Stoic notion of oikeiosis. Initially, oikeisosis is set against Platonic homoiosis, specifically as discussed in the Alcibiades, which provides what Foucault calls the " Platonic model " of conduct. The paper examines what Foucault means by " care of the self " and points to its difference from the Delphic maxim " know yourself " that centered on a principle of homoiosis, or ethical transcendence. Noting how the problematic of care of the self leads to what Foucault calls " the government of conduct, " the paper considers the possibility of " counter-conduct. " Given that Foucault has argued that the autonomy of conduct has been rendered invisible through its " juridification, " this paper proceeds with a genealogy of the codification of morals in natural law theory. This culminates with the sixteenth century return to Stoicism in the person of Grotius. Showing that a certain conception of counter-conduct present in Gerson is transformed in natural law theory into a juridical grounding of the government of conduct, this paper draws out the immanent relation of conduct and counter-conduct in the notion of appropriation. Arguing that Grotius has fundamentally misunderstood the concept of oikeiosis, which he takes from Cicero and which subtends his theory of appropriation, this paper suggests that a return to the early Stoic formulation of oikeiosis allows for a rethinking of the problem of the government of conduct. A certain moralization of action, irreducible to codification that is present in early Stoic thought provides a model of " counter-conduct. " Ultimately, " care of the self, " as it is given in Stoic philosophy, relates the subject of action to the principle of ethical immanence that grounds Foucault's critique of the subject.
This chapter examines Michel Foucault's notion of cultivation of the self by focusing on an example of an ancient practice contributing to that goal, namely the attitude of attention or mindfulness proposed by the Roman Stoics Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius. It contrasts this Stoic attitude with modern versions of mindfulness, showing that both the object of attention and the goal of the process are different. It argues that the primary object of attention for Roman Stoic mindfulness was one's philosophical principles. The goal of this practice was virtuous action based upon those principles. It was a technique aimed at ethical self-transformation, unlike its modern counterpart, which is primarily aimed at overcoming distress.
A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress.
The Oxford Handbook of Roman Philosophy , 2023
You have to begin by analyzing the third person. One speaks, one sees, one dies. There are still subjects, of course-but they're specks dancing in the dust of the visible and permutations in an anonymous babble. The subject's always something derivative. It comes into being and vanishes in the fabric of what one says, what one sees.
Academia.edu
In a postmodern era where philosophy operates as an autonomous mode of inquiry, this paper explores the ancient Greek philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism through an interdisciplinary lens. Encountered by the Apostle Paul in Acts 17 on the Areopagus Hill in Athens, these contrasting schools of thought offer unique perspectives on attaining fulfilment and navigating life's complexities. The paper examines the core principles, strengths, and critiques of Stoicism and Epicureanism as independent philosophical systems, untethered from the constraints of science and religion. Drawing from scholarly discourse, it evaluates the relevance of these philosophies in addressing the multifaceted social challenges faced by the postmillennial generation in the post-COVID world. By synthesizing insights from various disciplines, the paper presents a framework for applying Stoic concepts of virtue, reason, and acceptance alongside Epicurean ideals of pleasure and freedom from perturbation. It proposes strategies for youth to cultivate resilience, self-discovery, and personal growth by judiciously integrating principles from these ancient philosophies into their modern lived experiences.
The Oxford Handbook of Roman Philosophy, 2023
Roman Stoicism is typically read as a therapeutic philosophy that is centered around the care of the self and presented in the form of a self-help manual. Closer examination reveals a less reassuring and more challenging side to the school's teachings, one that provokes ethical re ection at the limits of the self's intactness and coherence. The self is less an object of inquiry than the byproduct of a complex set
In K. Lampe and J. Scholtz, eds, French and Italian Stoicisms (London: Bloomsbury)., 2020
One popular image of Stoicism presents it as indifferent to external events, which are seen as the product of mechanical fate, with value residing only with inner virtue. A second popular image emphasizes an attitude of optimism and affirmation with regard to events, conceived as the result of divine providence. This chapter critically examines Foucault’s proposal that the tension between these two images reflects a shift in emphasis between the Athenian Stoa (in particular Cleanthes, as reported by Cicero) and the Roman Stoa (primarily Seneca and Epictetus). While the Athenian Stoics saw external events as ‘indifferents’ (adiaphora), the Roman Stoics reconceived them as a test to be embraced. Sent by divine providence, apparent evils are neither evils nor unqualified indifferents but rather something to be embraced as benefits.
British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 2023
This paper focuses on the narrative aspect of Seneca’s idea of self- transformation. It compares Seneca’s viewpoint with some modern notions of the narrative self to highlight some parallels and significant differences between the ancient and modern conceptions and it establishes the reading of some parts of De Brev. Vit. in the context of other passages as concerned with the narrative self. The paper argues, amongst other points, that in Ep. 83.1–3, Seneca extends the practice of meditatio (ethically directed self- examination) by incorporating the construction of a narrative self into this process, in dual roles, as examiner and examined. It concludes that Seneca expected us to avail ourselves of a similar self-assessment based on a dialogue with philosophical texts.
Eidos: Journal for the Philosophy of Culture, 2021
Is the Stoic sage a possible or desirable ideal for contemporary men and women, as we enter into difficult times? Is he, as Seneca presents him in Constancy of the Sage, the very best person for a crisis? In order to examine these questions, Part 1 begins from what Irene Liu calls the "standard" modern conceptions of the sage as either a kind of epistemically perfect, omniscient agent, or else someone in possession of a specific arsenal of theoretical knowledge, especially concerning the physical world. We contest this contentious conception of the sage for being inconsistent with the Stoic conceptions of wisdom, the technai and knowledge which can be gleaned from the doxographic sources. In Part 2, we suggest that the wisdom of the Stoic sage reflects the Stoics' "dispositional" conception of knowledge, their substantive conception of reason (Logos), and their sense of philosophy as above all an "exercise" or askêsis of a craft or technê for living. It is embodied in an ongoing exercise of examining one's impressions for consistency with what one already knows, looking back to the natural prolêpseis with which all people are equipped. In Part 3, we show how only this account of the wisdom of the sage, at the epistemic level, enables us to understand how, in the non-doxographic texts led by Seneca's De Constantia Sapientiae, the sage is celebrated above all for his ethical characteristics, and his ability to bear up in a crisis. Concluding reflections return to our framing concern, as to whether philosophy as a way of life, and the ancient ideal of the sage, can speak to us today not only as scholars, but as individuals called upon to live in difficult times. We suggest that they can and should remain sources of orientation, contestation, and inspiration.
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