Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.
To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser.
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
AI
This review discusses the utilization of biogas, a renewable energy source produced through anaerobic digestion of organic materials. Biogas predominantly consists of methane and carbon dioxide and has varied applications, including cooking, electricity generation, and as a vehicle fuel. It can potentially mitigate climate change by displacing fossil fuels and generating carbon credits. The review also highlights the efficiency of the anaerobic digestion process, factors influencing biogas production, and purification methods.
2013
In present time, the global energy production is mostly dependant on the fossil sources of energy (oil, natural gases and coals). Compared to classic fuels, biogas resulted from anaerobe digestion is permanently renewable, because it is obtained  of biomass. As a result, the biogas produced through anaerobe digestion will not only improve the energetic balance of one country, but it will bring an important contribution on preserving natural resources and improving the environmental conditions, through reducing emissions with green house effect and reducing the global warming. The paper wants to reveal some of the advantages of using biogas, the most important being that biogas is a flexible source of energy, suitable for many applications, especially as fuel for vehicles or in the electric piles technologies. In order to be used as fuel for vehicle, biogas must be improved and transformed in bio-methane. The paper also presents a small biogas plant, which can be used by farme...
2013
Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. It is a renewable energy source, like solar and wind energy. Furthermore, biogas can be produced from regionally available raw materials and recycled waste and is environmentally friendly and CO2 neutral. Biogas is produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant material, and crops. Biogas comprises primarily methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), moisture and siloxanes. The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO) can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel. Biogas can be compressed, much like natural gas, and used to power motor vehicles. Biogas is a renewable fuel so it qualifies for renewable energy subsidies in some parts of the world. Biogas can also be cleaned and upgrad...
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF BIOGAS TECHNOLOGIES, 2019
Biogas systems turn the cost of waste management into a revenue opportunity for farms, dairies, and industries. Converting waste into electricity, heat, or vehicle fuel provides a renewable source of energy that can reduce dependence on foreign oil imports, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve environmental quality, and increase local jobs. Biogas systems also provide an opportunity to recycle nutrients in the food supply, reducing the need for both petrochemical and mined fertilizers. The present paper gives a complete idea on the prospective technology for the production of clean energy in the form of biogas. Biogas is green and a sustainable energy consisting of methane to a great extent along with other gases. Global warming and greenhouse effect are caused due to the harmful gases which are released into the atmosphere. Emission from automobiles and industries are one of the causes of global warming. Along with global warming the excessive use of fossil fuels shifts the balance of supply of fuels. So in order to save fossil fuels for our future generations alternative fuels play an important role in replacing the fossil fuels. The present paper gives an idea of the history of biogas and their advantages and disadvantages.
In this paper we will discuss India's existing biogas potential as a substitute to fossil fuels for domestic purpose. In the second part of the paper we will discuss the technique of upgrading the biogas using a chemical absorption technique for use in S.I engines as a substitute to compressed natural gas. A huge quantity of bio waste is generated in housing societies in metropolitan cities. Conversion of bio waste into biogas would result in localized municipal solid waste (MSW) management reducing the cost of transportation, eliminating the need of empty spaces for dumping grounds and also presenting an alternative source of fossil fuels. For experimentation, biogas was produced in a floating drum digester tank from daily produced kitchen waste and then with the chemical absorption technique using sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as the scrubbing liquid, biogas was upgraded to bio-methane. The outcomes of the experiment was a combustible biogas consisting of 44.14% CO2, 53.19% CH4 and traces of other gases with a calorific value of 21180.25kJ/kg which when upgraded had around 88.39% methane and 8.05% carbon dioxide with a calorific value of 35196.89kJ/kg. I. INTRODUCTION Rapid urbanization and industrial growth puts the limited energy resources of developing countries under pressure resulting in the augmentation of new and existing renewable energy options. Dependency on thermal power plants for energy requirements causes depletion of fossil fuel reserves of the country and associated emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. A greenhouse emission further causes global warming, climatic changes and damage to human and animals respiratory systems[1]. Specifically in India, the current energy scenario reveals a wide gap between the supply and demand of energy. Three-quarters of India energy demand is met by fossil fuels[2]. It becomes extremely essential to explore the unearthed and untouched renewable energy reserves of the country in an organized way. This will decrease the dependency on fossil fuel imports and improve the energy economy of the country. In India, there is tremendous potential of renewable energy like solar, wind, biomass, biogas, tidal energy etc. As of 30 April 2017, the country's solar grid had a cumulative capacity of 12.50 GW, wind power grid had a cumulative capacity of 32.28 GW, small hydro plants had a cumulative grid capacity of 4.38 GW, biomass had a cumulative grid power capacity of 8.18 MW and biogas had a cumulative off grid capacity of 49.56 MW [3]. There is huge potential of waste to energy conversion in India. Around 30 million tons of solid waste and 4400 cubic meters of liquid waste is produced in India every year. The municipal solid waste (MSW) generation range is from 0.25 to 0.66 kg/person/day with an average of 0.45 kg/person /day [4]. With proper segregation and organized channelling, all these waste can be converted to useful biogas which is a potential substitute to LPG useful for cooking and water heating. In this paper we will discuss the biogas generation process in a floating type digester tank installed at Rajiv Gandhi Institute of technology and in the second part we will discuss the methodology of upgrading the biogas using chemical absorption technique. Upgraded biogas is an alternate for CNG and when compressed to a pressure of 200bar can be directly used to propel IC engines [5]. Paper is organized as follows. Section II describes biogas generation process in a floating drum digester tank using food waste. Biogas generated can be used directly in cooking stove and for water heating purpose. Raw biogas has a low calorific value for its use in engines. Section III describes the process of biogas scrubbing using solution of sodium carbonate. The complete setup will be discussed in this section. Biogas obtained after scrubbing is enhanced in methane content. Section IV presents experimental results showing graphs for raw and upgraded biogas obtained by gas chromatography technique. Finally, Section V presents conclusion.
Biogas is a mixture of colorless, flammable gases obtained by the anaerobic digestion of organic waste materials. It is an alternative source of energy. The major composition of biogas is methane (CH 4) 50-70%. It can be used for cooking and power generation, while the residues from the process are used as fertilizers. In this experimental work, an equal ratio of 2.5kg kitchen waste and 2.5kg water with small amount (1.75kg) of cow dung was weighted. The 1.75kg of cow dung was mixed with 1.5kg of water fed into 13.5 liter constructed digester and after some days, 2.5kg kitchen waste was mixed with 1kg of water and also fed into the digester. Then allowed to ferment for period of 22 days and a pressure range of 0psi-70.5psi was obtained. A graph of pressure (psi) against time (hrs), volume (liters) against time (hrs) and Pressure (psi) against volume (liters) of gas shows increase in pressure (psi) with time (hrs) and an increase in pressure with decrease in volume. A combustion test was also carried out which showed that for every 1 minute the temperature of water increases. The result from analysis of biogas composition done revealed the following: CH 4 (67.58%), H 2 (5.16%), CO 2 (20.29%), N 2 (8.46%), O 2 (1.06%) and H 2 S (2.36%) which has proved that really kitchen waste is a good raw material for production of biogas. INTRODUCTION Fossil fuel provides the bulk of the world's primary source of energy. Since they are non-renewable natural resources with little to conserve the earth's supply, supplies of fossil fuel (especially oil and gas) may soon get completely depleted. Additionally, the rising cost of petroleum and allied products most especially in Nigeria has triggered a need to develop alternate sources of energy, one of which is biogas production. In Nigeria, majority of the population are rural dwellers without access to gas or electricity and therefore depend on firewood for cooking and lightening. Unfortunately, this has contributed immensely to the rapid rate of deforestation and desert encroachment. The establishment of biogas plants in these communities would greatly ameliorate these problems and help preserve the environment. Biogas is distinct from other renewable energy source such as solar energy, wind energy, thermal and hydro sources of energy because of its characteristics of using controlling and collecting organic waste and at the same time producing fertilizer and water for use in agricultural irrigation. Anaerobic digestion process produces a higher biogas yield when running on a mixture of animal manure and vegetable/crop waste rather than animal manure alone, and biogas production is considered the most suitable bio energy technology in china (Wu CZ et al 2009). The slurry and residues from the biogas process can also be used as an organic fertilizer to replace the use of chemical fertilizer on the farm (HUGO 2008; Zhou Cx et al 2004; Liu y et al 2008 and chem. RJ 2007). The composition of biogas is typically methane (50-70%), carbon-dioxide (30-40%) and the rest is made up of traces of elements of hydrogen sulphide. Biogas can be used in gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat. Biogas is characterized based on its chemical composition and the physical characteristics which result from it. It is primarily a mixture of methane (CH 4) and inert carbonic gas (CO 2). However the name 'biogas' gathers a large variety of gases resulting from specific treatment processes, starting from various organic waste-industries, animals or domestic organic waste etc.
International journal of science & technoledge, 2023
Biogas: An Alternative Source of Energy for Developing Economy 1. Introduction One of the major challenges in the world today is the depletion of reserved fossil fuels, which is a cause of the increase in energy prices (Schnürer, 2016). There is an increase in energy demand due to the increased population, leading to high waste generation, deforestation and global warming (Biodun et al., 2021). Energy is a very important factor in any nation (Forgács, 2012). In a developing country like Nigeria, there is a corresponding increase in energy consumption demand (Aluko, 2018). A nation like Nigeria has an installed capacity of 12,522MW at the moment. However, it is operating at a capacity of 3,879MW while the estimated energy need is placed between 98,000MW and 160,000MW, leaving behind a huge generation gap (Sambo et al., 2012). As part of efforts to bridge the energy gap, the country has been investing in constructing various dams and even solar energy projects and exploiting other resources and potentials such as natural gas, coal, and nuclear power. However, these are not currently being utilized due to a lack of proper technologies and/or political will (Aluko, 2018). It has been suggested that Nigeria's energy demands can be met sustainably via the use of renewable energy, such as biogas (Adewuyi, 2020). Anika et al. (2019) reported that the use of renewable energy is highly advantageous because the sources of energy are readily available, cheap and do not require elaborate technology and importantly, the fuel generated is environmentally friendly. Renewable resources for energy production are becoming more important because the burning of fossil fuels leads to the release of CO2, a gas that is implicated in global warming (Samantha, 2020). The problem of global warming can be partly circumvented by the production of biogas from plants or waste materials in a biological process (Busic et al., 2018). Biogas is a flammable, smokeless, hygienic, colorless, odorless gas, but with odour when not desulfurized. It has an energy content of 37.3 MJ/m 3 , explosion limits of 6-12% in air, ignition temperature of 650-750°C, specific gravity of 0.847-1.004, and calorific value of 4740-7500 kcal/Nm 3 (Ali et al., 2013). Biogas is an environmentally-friendly, renewable, clean, cheap, high-quality, and versatile fuel that is generated in digesters filled with feedstock. It is considered an alternative green energy resource and can be utilized for different energy services like heat, combined heat and power, or as car fuel (Ngan et al., 2020).
Casopis Za Procesnu Tehniku I Energetiku U Poljoprivredi Ptep, 2008
The technology of biogas production is a complex one, since biological processes need to be optimised taking individual structural and hydraulic requirements into account. Perfect thermo statisation, continuous blending, homogenisation, reduction and injection of the substrate are all vital preconditions. Biogas from liquid manure can be used to provide hot water, electricity and automotive energy without any further processing (desulphurization). The energy is provided by methane gas (CH 4) which is produced by highly specialised bacteria when organic material decomposes in an oxygen-free atmosphere. Combined heat and power (CHP) systems generate electricity and useful thermal energy in a single, integrated system. This contrasts with the common practice of separate heat and power (SHP) where electricity is generated at a central power plant, while onsite heating and cooling equipment is used to meet non-electric energy requirements.
Biomass is one of the most promising renewable energy sources which are utilizable to produce biogas through anaerobic digestion (AD), a feasible alternative for fossil fuel as well as organic solid waste disposal. The methane yields in biogas can be improved through co-digestion, a combination of hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis four anaerobic treatment stages which are capable to establish a synergy between the digestion medium and supply of missing nutrients. The most common constraints during biomass digestion are: the large HRT, P H , temperature and contaminant by CO 2 , with traces of water vapor and hydrogen sulfide. To use in mechanical power or in the natural gas grid it is necessary to remove the contaminants, as well as to adjust the calorific value. Usually the high density CO 2 is separated through pressure swing adsorption, membrane separation, or chemical absorption method. Air dosing, addition of iron chloride into the biogas digester and adsorption on iron oxide pellets, are common for removal of H 2 S. Condensation and drying methods are used to remove water in combination with foam and dust. However, different upgrading methods are differs in functioning, quality of incoming gas and the operational efficiency. This paper reviews the accelerate process of biogas generation from various sources the respected variation in the parameters and the comparative methane upgrading techniques. Besides, investment, operation and maintenance costs are also taken into consideration.
International Journal of Ecosystems and Ecology Science (IJEES), 2020
The purpose of this study is to measurably assess an integrated industrial biogas plant and introduce some biogas technologies as alternative sources for energy production in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Biodegradable materials such as organic wastes, sewage, municipal wastes, and green wastes are very important precursors used in energy production plants for obtaining biogas and some certain organic fertilizers. Biogas plants have many benefits; one of their primary functions is being used as anaerobic digesters with different configurations to treat animal and agricultural wastes for energy production. During the process, microorganisms convert biomass wastes into biogas, mainly methane and carbon dioxide. The study shows four steps carried out of a full-scale biogas plant for a life cycle analysis (LCA) with 950 kWh as: initially, the scope and target were defined, then inventory was analysed, the impact was assessed, and finally the results were interpreted in detail. The results of analysis showed that the biogas plant can preclude the equivalent of 2.43E+09 kg of CO2 global warming and the ozone depletion of 18.80593 kg of CFC-11 equivalent. It was also determined that aquatic environment eutrophication contributed to the prevention of toxicity, acidification, and eco-toxicity for humans. Some organic by-products were obtained from anaerobic digestion (AD) and used as fertilizer for agricultural or other productions.
Results in Chemistry, 2024
Biogas is obtained from the breakdown of biomass by microorganisms and bacteria in the absence of oxygen. Biogas is considered a renewable source of energy, similar to solar energy and wind energy. Biogas can be produced from biomass or bio-waste; thus, it is environmentally friendly. Biogas is obtained in a suspended monoxide decomposition process by anaerobic bacteria or in a fermentation process of decomposable materials such as agricultural manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste (gardens and parks), plant material and agricultural products. Biogas is a renewable natural energy source that leaves effective effects on nature and industries. This gas is produced from the decomposition of organic materials, including animal manure, food waste and sewage. Fertilizers and waste produce biogas through anaerobic digestion (ie without the presence of oxygen). Biogas is a mixture of gases generated by decaying biodegradable material without the presence of oxygen. Its main contents are 50–70 % of methane (CH4) by volume, 30–50 % of carbon dioxide (CO2), and traces of other gases, like hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and water vapor (H2O). CO2, H2S, and water vapor content in biogas may affect the performance and life of the energy conversion devices; consequently, their removal before end-use is essential for improving the quality of biogas. This combination is an ideal option for making renewable energy. The most important advantages of biogas (production of energy, reduction of the amount of discarded waste, reduction of pathogens, conversion of waste containing organic matter into high quality fertilizer, protection of vegetation, soil, water, increasing productivity in the field of livestock and agriculture) and It is also one of the disadvantages of biogas (incomplete and small technologies, containing impurities, the effect of temperature on biogas production, unsuitable for urban and dense areas, not affordable). For economical use of biogas, the fermentation process can be carried out under controlled conditions in a relatively simple device called a digestion reservoir. This review summarizes the current state-of-the-art and presents future perspectives related to the anaerobic digestion process for biogas production. Moreover, a historical retrospective of biogas sector from the early years of its development till its recent advancements give an outlook of the opportunities that are opening up for process optimization.
The objective of this paper is to analyse the production processes of biogas as an alternative energy source. Biogas is generated from biomass by digestion under anaerobic conditions in the presence of microorganisms in three stages involved in the combined anaerobic digestion process. The biogas produced in anaerobic digestors could contain methane concentrations upto 80% by volume. This system can be integrated with the agricultural waste to produce biogas and small play an important role in improving residential sanitation and economical development in rural areas.
2013
The world's growing energy consumption and limited fossil energy resources and the environmental impact of these materials on the one hand, the increase Tend to use renewable energy sources such as bio-gas energy in the world. Biogas by bacteria that cause decay, rot and break down organic materials in anaerobic conditions can be produced. Best places for optimal utilization of biogas in rural areas can be cited. Biogas contains about 70 percent methane gas extracted from the device and 30 percent carbon dioxide and contain small amounts of hydrogen sulfide and water vapor. In addition to fuel rural biogas recovery, biogas system with a by product of the fertilizer is rich. Compared with normal manure fermented manure ammonia and phosphorus by 120 percent to 150 percent increased efficacious resistant parasite Ascaris worms or intestinal worms that after 180 days of staying alive, staying instrument biogas power is reduced to 20%. Chinese model biogas system has the best conditi...
The use of fossil fuels in modern economies has been a success because of the low cost of fossil resources. However, the depletion of fossil reserves, the increase in waste production and global warming concerns have led to increased research on the production of biofuels from renewable resources. Anaerobic digestion of energy crops, residues, and wastes is of increasing interest in order to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and to facilitate a sustainable development of energy supply. Production of biogas provides a versatile carrier of renewable energy, as methane can be used for replacement of fossil fuels in both heat and power generation and as a vehicle fuel. For biogas production, various process types are applied which can be classified in wet and dry fermentation systems. Most often applied are wet digester systems using vertical stirred tank digester with different stirrer types dependent on the origin of the feedstock. Biogas is mainly utilized in engine-based combined heat and power plants, whereas micro gas turbines and fuel cells are expensive alternatives which need further development work for reducing the costs and increasing their reliability. Gas upgrading and utilization as renewable vehicle fuel or injection into the natural gas grid is of increasing interest because the gas can be used in a more efficient way. The digestate from anaerobic fermentation is a valuable fertilizer due to the increased availability of nitrogen and the better short-term fertilization effect. Anaerobic treatment minimizes the survival of pathogens which is important for using the digested residue as fertilizer. This paper reviews the current state and perspectives of biogas production, including the factors that influences its production, benefits and utilization of the biogas.
Biogas refers to a gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be used as a fuel in any country for any heating purpose such as cooking. By means of digesters, the energy in the gas can be converted to electricity and heat. Biogas like natural gas can also be used to power motor vehicle. Biogas is a renewable fuel which qualifies it for a renewable energy subsidy. It is non-toxic, environment-friendly and serve as a means of combating global warming. Biogas is presently being used in U.S.A, U.K, China, Sweden, Brazil, and India amongst others for domestic purpose, transportation and power generation. In this regard, this paper discusses biogas production. It also presents a model design of domestic biogas plant suitable for Nigerian households. The paper recommends that Nigerian Government should intensify efforts in educating the masses on this novel technology for a sustainable global development. A biogas plant designed for Nigerian household discussed in this paper is also recommended.
2011
Biomass comprises mainly trees and plant wastes (eg. wood, saw dust, leaves, twigs), agricultural residues, animal and human waste, coal etc. These wastes of plant, animal and human origin are the resources that yield valuable energy and fertilizer. Bio-residues (dung from animal, different types of crop residues such as rice straw, wheat straw, maize stalk, leguminous plant and weeds, aquatic plants) are already widely used in some countries. One of the best options would be to treat the biodegradable wastes into an anaerobic digester in view of producing environmentally sound energy as well as biofertilizer. Fuelwood resources which represent 78 percent of energy consumption are mainly
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2017
Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S, 2016
The aim of the research is the development of theoretical and methodical bases for determining the feasibility of plant raw materials growing for its further bioconversion into energy resources and technological materials to maximize profit from business activities. Monograph, statistics, modelling and abstract logical methods have been used during the research. Directions of biogas usage have been examined. Biogas yields from different crops have been analyzed. It has been determined that high methane yields can be provided from root crops, grain crops, and several green forage plants. So, forage beet and maize can provide more than 5,500 m
E3S Web of Conferences
This article discusses the topic of sewage sludge digestion. Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge makes it possible to obtain biogas, which can later be used to generate heat or electricity. this approach to resource use is recognized worldwide as more environmentally friendly. The article discusses the experience of European countries in the production and use of biogas. In the Russian Federation, the situation is complicated by the fact that wastewater contains a small amount of organic matter, which is a product for biogas production. Therefore, methods have been proposed for increasing the content of organic matter in sediments, for example, by means of separate waste collection and disposal of organic waste through grinders into the sewerage system. Or, the amount of organic matter in the sewage sludge can be increased by adding manure from animal farms. The stages of sediment fermentation are considered. The topic of rationality and payback of the use of biogas is raised. Proj...
Biogas is the gaseous product of the biogenic fermentation of biomass. It has an approximate composition of 50-70% Methane (a combustible gas), 30-50% Carbon dioxide and other trace gasses depending on the nature of the biomass. It typically has a calorific value of 21-24 MJ/m 3. Anaerobic digestion of biomass can artificially be achieved under controlled conditions in specifically designed plants known as anaerobic digesters or naturally at the bottom of marshes. Biogas, a versatile energy source can be used for heating, cooking, lighting, electricity and if purified further, it can be used as a vehicle fuel among other applications. The digestate is a widely sought after organic agricultural fertilizer. The first notable use of biogas technology dates back as far as 1859, there has been several advancements over the years in its application as well as production which are presented in this paper.
Loading Preview
Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.