Have Male and Female Careers Converged?

Women's professional trajectory has been an interesting and recurrent subject for the last few decades. There are a lot of studies carried out which deal with the differences in the professional trajectories of men and women, from different approaches and units of analysis and from the ratios or proportions in different situations to the experiences undergone during their careers. This research intends to analyze the story of the professional trajectory from the main protagonists' experiences. The author intends to proceed through a comparison between men and women's cases, from a longitudinal perspective since 1998 to 2010. The analysis is focused on the personal, social, and organization elements which allow or constrain the professional development concerning gender of the 12 years of trajectory which this study deals with. The results are shown through two great metaphors: the river and the path, which allow us to understand and realize how gender is linked and promulgated in the working field, as well as how subjectivity is committed and explains the world named " objective " .

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management

Professions or professional occupations have been studied through a large number of empirical and theoretical lenses over the last decades: as potential substitutes for organizations and markets, as protected labor markets, and as the site of the subjective experiences and socialization processes of their members. Combining a sociological and a gender perspective, a growing number of studies have shed new light on the growth and dynamics of professional occupations since the mid-20th century. They show how the massive entry of women into the upper reaches of Western labor markets has played a major role in the expansion and reconfiguration of the professions. However, by studying the barriers to women’s access to once exclusively masculine environments, scholars tend to show that the feminization processes coexist with persistent inequalities in income, promotion opportunities, career patterns, and access to leadership positions, popularized by the metaphor of the “glass ceiling” ef...

Clara Greed* University of the West of England This small paperback comprises a collection of 32 chapters written by over 40 people from architectural practice, academia and journalism, on the subject of how gender shapes the nature of the architectural profession, and thus the lives and careers of individual architects. In terms of gender around 15 of the authors are men and the rest women, mainly from the UK but with a sprinkling of international contributors too. Of necessity the chapters are all quite short. They are also quite variable in terms of style and quality, ranging from the sketchy and journalistic, through to thoroughly researched and fully referenced academic contributions. In particular there are several solid, serious chapters written by women architects addressing long-recognised problems concerning discrimination, career progression, childcare and the overarching male-dominated professional subculture. But these contrast with, and sit uneasily alongside some much shallower, lightweight , and dare I say rather pretentious and incomprehensible chapters. p. 191. Book review-A Gendered Profession: The Question of Representation in Space Making

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management

Professions have been studied through a large number of empirical and theoretical lenses over the last decades: as institutions and potential substitutes for organizations and markets; as protected labor markets; as the site of the subjective experiences and socialization processes for their members. Combining a sociological and a gender perspective, a growing number of studies have shed new light on the dynamics of professional occupations and on their overall growth since the end of the sixties. They show how the massive entry of women into the upper reaches of the labor market has played a major role in the expansion and prosperity of the professions. However, by studying the barriers to women’s access to once exclusively masculine environments, scholars tend to show that the feminization processes coexists with persistent inequalities in income, promotion opportunities, career patterns and access to leadership positions, popularized by the metaphor of the “glass ceiling” effect. These contradicting trends – numerical feminization and the persistence of gender inequalities - give ground to a large range of research projects. However, emphasis is put here on three dimensions of the gendered dynamics of professional groups. First, feminization can be seen to crystalize traditional gender divisions, thus producing a form of de-professionalization or de-qualification, with the feminization process focused on those fields that have become less attractive to men. Some studies observe variations in the rhythms and patterns of feminization across occupations. They reveal complex processes, the increase in the overall level of women’s education coming with the persistence of gender-differentiated choices of study and occupation. Rhythms and patterns of feminization may also differ within a given occupation from one specialty to another, from one type of organization to another, depending on the internal hierarchy of the occupation. Very significant gaps may be observed according to employment status: wage labor or self-employment. A second perspective develops the idea of re-segregation, showing how the gradual increase in women’s access to all sectors of the labor always meets a “glass ceiling” at some point. These studies explore formal and informal processes – from the persistence of “old boys’ networks” to the legitimation of certain gendered body images of professionalism - within different organizational and professional contexts. In the face of such resistance, women’s access to leadership seems to remain particularly difficult, both due to the prevailing norms and models of leadership on a symbolic and macro sociological level and by the collective strategies of closure from male professionals on a micro sociological level. Finally, a third approach insists on women’s agency and the potential or real changes they may bring to the professional ethos and to the rules of the game, both in the public and in the private sphere. Interested in the undoing of conventional norms of masculinity and fathering as well as of femininity and mothering, this third perspective offers new data to explore a potential shift from one type of gender contract to another. Keywords: feminization – professions - careers – bureaucracy - glass ceiling – gender regimes – gender discriminations - work/life balance - masculinities

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2023

We investigate career studies based on management, psychology, and sociology approaches that use the concept of gender as their foundation. We use the integrative literature review based on Torraco (2016) perspective to expose these fields. Furthermore, we aspire to understand the conceptual relationships expressed in the texts and propose ways to comprehend this topic. To this end, we reinforce the idea of interdisciplinarity and the indispensability of a critical lens which allows readers of the review and future researchers to identify strengths, weaknesses, benefits and new positions related to the subject of interest.

2014

Aim. The aim of this study was to determine what female and male undergraduate nursing students think of males in nursing. Method and material. Senior nursing students (n=90) at an undergraduate program in School of Health located in the Northwestern Region of Turkey were included in the study. A questionnaire was used for data collection which received a response rate of 97 %. Results. Close to half of the female nursing students (45.3 %) want to see males as staff nurses while most of the male nursing students wanted to occupy administrative or administrative/instructor positions after graduation. Female and male students' perceptions about effects of males on image and status of nursing (p<0.01), both gender's perceptions about "nursing being only a female profession" (p<0.001) was statistically significant. Conclusions: Nursing continues to be seen as a fit position for females. Even male students who study in nursing have role tension about nursing. Male students' desire to occupy mostly administrative positions in health care settings after their graduation shows their intentions to distinguish themselves from female colleagues.

1997

Xl themselves, and allowed a rare opportunity for the interplay of academic and policy-oriented ideas.We cannot name all the participants, since again this would reveal the identities of the organisations, but we can thank Sara Arber (University of Surrey), Steven Bubb (Association ofMetropolitan Authorities), Margery Povall,Ed Puttick (Equal Opportunities Commission) and Dianah Worman (Institute of Personnel Management) . Many other people have also given advice, comments and support of various sorts: we would like to single out

Colombo Business Journal

Perspectives on Medical Education, 2014