System integration of large-scale wind power in the Netherlands

2013

This report provides a summary of the results from recent wind integration studies. The studies address concerns about the impact of wind power’s variability and uncertainty on power system reliability and costs as well as grid reinforcement needs. Quantifiable results are presented as summary graphs: results as a MWincrease in reserve requirements, or €/MWh increase in balancing costs, or results for capacity value of wind power. Other results are briefly summarised, together with existing experience on the issues. There is already significant experience in integrating wind power in power systems. The mitigation of wind power impacts include more flexible operational methods, incentivising flexibility in other generating plants, increasing interconnection to neighbouring regions, and application of demand-side flexibility. Electricity storage is still not as cost effective in larger power systems as other means of flexibility, but is already seeing initial applications in places wi...

As a renewable energy source, wind power is gaining popularity as a favoured alternative to fossil fuel, nuclear and hydro power generation. In Europe, countries are required to achieve 15% of their energy consumption from wind by 2010 as the EU strives to meet its Kyoto obligations. Wind power is considered to be environmentally friendly and low cost. While environmental friendliness has come under scrutiny because wind turbines continue to pose a hazard to birds, are visually unappealing, affect the uses of land and change air flows, the purpose of this paper is to examine the question of its presumed low cost and effectiveness atreducing CO2 emissions by replacing power generated from fossil fuels. To do so, we develop a mathematical programming model of an electrical energy grid that employs power generated by a base-load nuclear power plant, a coal-fired power plant and a gas facility, with the latter used primarily to meet peak-load demand. We then introduce varying levels of ...

2006 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2006

Throughout the world significant development is being encouraged in wind energy for electricity generation. A complete cost and benefit analysis has been conducted in this paper on grid connected wind generation. It takes into account system costs such as reserve requirements, start-up and ramping implications for conventional plants as well as wear and tear costs. The benefits of wind generation analysed include the emissions benefits, the saving on the fuel bill, the electricity generated and the capacity value. These costs and benefits are then used to generate net benefit curves for wind generation and the sensitivities of the curves are tested with changes in the underlying assumptions. A complete unit commitment model with wind generation is used to determine the dispatches upon which the costs and benefits are calculated.

2004

The paper presents results of a detailed study carried out to simulate the integration of large amount of wind power in the French power system. The targets set for France are between 10_000 and 14_000 MW of installed wind capacity by year 2010. In order to simulate the projected wind production, hourly wind speed measurements from 40 sites spread over the country and covering a period of 3 years are used. The data reflect both temporal and spatial correlations that are proper to the climate conditions in France. Then, realistic scenarios are built for the installation of several levels of wind power based on appropriate assumptions. The simulation of each scenario provides a detailed profile of the wind production at a national level. The paper presents the level of guaranteed wind power that is provided for given probability for each scenario. The variability of the production is analyzed in order to define the reserve or storage requirements to achieve a secure integration of wind power. Finally, an analysis is presented on how wind generation can be integrated in the national power generation mix in France.

2000

The Electricity Journal, 2008

When wind power plants serve load within the host balancing area, there is no additional capacity that is required to integrate wind power into the system. The wind energy displaces conventional generators' energy, which may result in emission and fuel savings, or make it possible to sell additional energy to other customers outside the balancing area. This provides a benefit to the sellers and customers. When wind serves load outside of the host balancing area, there can be additional capacity requirements, but these will depend in part on the length of the market period: faster markets will mitigate this requirement, whereas slower markets will exacerbate this capacity requirement. We develop a series of very simple thought experiments to illustrate and discuss some implications for wind integration studies.

Wind Energy, 1999

As the worldwide use of wind turbine generators in utility-scale applications continues to increase, it will become increasingly important to assess the economic and reliability impact of these intermittent resources. Although the utility industry appears to be moving towards a restructured environment, basic economic and reliability issues will continue to be relevant to companies involved with electricity generation. This paper is the second in a two-part series that addresses modeling approaches and results that were obtained in several case studies and research projects at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). This second paper focuses on wind plant capacity credit as measured with power system reliability indices. Reliability-based methods of measuring capacity credit are compared with wind plant capacity factor. The relationship between capacity-credit and accurate wind forecasting is also explored.

2012

This report provides a summary of the results from recent wind integration studies. The studies address concerns about the impact of wind power’s variability and uncertainty on power system reliability and costs as well as grid reinforcement needs. Quantifiable results are presented as summary graphs: results as a MWincrease in reserve requirements, or €/MWh increase in balancing costs, or results for capacity value of wind power. Other results are briefly summarised, together with existing experience on the issues. There is already significant experience in integrating wind power in power systems. The mitigation of wind power impacts include more flexible operational methods, incentivising flexibility in other generating plants, increasing interconnection to neighbouring regions, and application of demand-side flexibility. Electricity storage is still not as cost effective in larger power systems as other means of flexibility, but is already seeing initial applications in places wi...

Global Wind Power …, 6

Wind …, 2011

Power" collects and shares information on wind power impacts on power systems, with analyses and guidelines on methodologies. There are dozens of studies made and ongoing related to wind integration, however, the results are not easy to compare. In the state-of-the-art report (October, 2007), and the final report of the 3 years period (July, 2009) the most relevant wind power grid integration studies have been analysed especially regarding methodologies and input data. Several issues that impact on the amount of wind power that can be integrated have been identified. Large balancing areas and aggregation benefits of large areas help in reducing the variability and forecast errors of wind power as well as help in pooling more cost effective balancing resources. System operation and functioning electricity markets at less than dayahead time scales help reduce forecast errors of wind power. Transmission is the key to aggregation benefits, electricity markets and larger balancing areas. Best practices in wind integration studies are described. There is also benefit when adding wind power to power systems: it reduces the total operating costs and emissions as wind replaces fossil fuels and this should be highlighted more in future studies.

… Wind Energy …, 2006

New R&D collaboration on " Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power Production" has been formed in IEA Wind. The R&D task will collect and share information on the experience gained and the studies made on power system impacts of wind power, and review methodologies, tools and data used. This paper outlines the power system impacts of wind power, the national studies published and on-going and describes the goals of the international collaboration. There are dozens of studies made and ongoing related to cost of wind integration, however, the results are not easy to compare. An in-depth review of the studies is needed to draw conclusions on the range of integration costs for wind power. State-of-the art review process will seek for reasons behind the wide range of results for costs of wind integration -definitions for wind penetration, reserves and costs; different power system and load characteristics and operational rules; underlying assumptions on variability of wind etc.

Energy Systems, 2013

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

2005

Intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, run-of-river hydro, tidal streams and wave fluxes present interesting challenges when exploited in the production of electricity, which is then integrated into existing and future grids. We focus on wind energy systems because they have an emerging presence, with new installed capacity approaching 8 GW annually. We survey many studies and compile estimates of regulation, load following and unit commitment impacts on utility generating assets with increasing wind penetration. Reliability (system reserve), observed capacity factors and the effective capacity (ability to displace existing generation assets) of wind energy systems are discussed. A simple energy balance model and some results from utility-scale simulations illustrate the existence of a law of diminishing returns with respect to increasing wind penetration when measured by wind's effective capacity, fuel displacement or CO 2 abatement. A role for energy storage is clearly identified. Finally, the scale of wind energy systems is shown to be large for significant energy production and preliminary evidence is reviewed showing that extraction of energy from the atmospheric boundary layer by such systems, when penetration levels are significant, may have potential environmental impacts.

… Conference, 2008

For power systems with significant wind power infeed, system operators will typically operate unit commitment procedures which range from a conservative fuel saver mode, in which wind forecasts are ignored and thermal plant is not de-committed, to a more adventurous ...