Evaluation of Grape Pomace Composting Process

Facta Universitatis, 2022

Stems, skins, seeds, and pulp are grape pomace (GP) components formed as by-products during wine production. The GP share represents about 25% of the total amount of processed grapes, which is a significant amount of organic waste (OW) that can be treated in the composting process. The purpose of the paper is to consider the possibility of their use by presenting the basic characteristics and potentials of GP and other available fractions of OW of agricultural origin. First, based on the representation of vineyards by regions on the territory of the Republic of Serbia and locally available substrates, and using a previously developed mathematical model, the quantities of observed fractions and composts were calculated. After applying the mathematical model to the cities belonging to the Three Morava Region, it was discovered that the optimal mixture contains 40% of GP when the co-substrates are wheat straw (WS) and swine manure (SM). Next, using the mean values of the percentage of co-substrates and GP, the model was applied to the territory of the Republic of Serbia. The results showed sufficient quantities of all substrates and the model criteria were satisfied.

The present study reports the physico-chemical properties of four compost based squeezed grape fruit wastes (SGFW) consisting of 60% SGFW + 40% chicken manure (including sawdust) (CMS) (v/v), 80% SGFW + 20% bean hay (BH) (v/v), 80% SGFW + 20% chicken manure (including wheat hay) (CMH) (v/v) and 100% SGFW. Results showed that 100% SGFW compost had a suitable pH and EC with 7.82 and 1.68 dSm −1 , respectively. Also, 80% SGFW + 20% BH compost was very rich in organic matter similar to coco peat, but 80%SGFW + 20% CMH compost had the lowest C/N ratio (5.2). The N, P and K concentrations in SGFW composts were higher than the coco peat or ver-miculite. The soluble cations (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K +) and anions (2 3 CO − , 3 HCO −) in 60% SGFW+ 40% CMS compost were the highest among substrates. The concentrations of trace elements and heavy metals in SGFW composts were far lower than the range of phytotoxicity. On the other hand, total phenols in SGFW composts were higher than coco peat.

2013

The aim of this study is to evaluate the maturity of the compost product. This was performed by measuring some of the main physico-chemical parameters of the mixture of olive pomace and cattle manure that were composted in different proportions. It must be noted that the composting was conducted at a medium experimental scale. The proportions of olive pomace to cattle manure were as the following: 1/1, 2/1, 3/1, 4/1, with a control for each of the used raw materials. Several parameters of the piles such as temperature, density, pH, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, organic matter, ammonium/nitrate ratio, available phosphorus and extractable potassium were periodically monitored. It was noticed a difference in the temperature for the treatments that were rich in carbon compared to the manure control. In addition, the results showed significant differences (P<0.05) between the different applied treatments during the composting process as follows: the pH tends, in all treatme...

Foods

The viability of co-composting of olive mill pomace added to sewage sludge with other organic residues was evaluated and the agronomic use of the final composts was investigated. Two composting piles at different carbon-nitrogen ratios were performed, in which olive mill pomace (OMP), sewage sludge from vegetable processing (SS), fresh residues from artichoke processing residues (AR), and wheat straw (WS) were used. The two composting piles were placed inside a specially built greenhouse and a turning machine pulled by a tractor was used for turning and shredding the organic matrix (every 6 days) during the process. The humidity and temperature of organic matrices have been monitored and controlled during the entire composting process, which lasted 90 days. The process was also monitored to evaluate the microbiological safety of the final compost. The humidity of both piles was always kept just above 50% until the end of the thermophilic phase and the maximum temperature was about 5...

Acta agraria Debreceniensis, 2020

The treatment and utilization of plant and animal waste and by-products from agriculture is very diverse. Traditional environmental management practices for waste management have been retained through soil conservation and the applied of recycle degradable organic substances in soil. The management of by-products from agriculture (animal husbandry) is important because a closed loop can be created to utilize by-products (manure, feathers) from the production of the main product (eggs, meat, milk) and to form a raw material for a new product. It is important to treat the resulting by-products, especially deep-litter manure, as it has served as a basis for compost-treated manure to develop an organic-based, soil-conditioning product line. Poultry manure by itself is not suitable as a substrate for aerobic decomposition, so it has to be mixed with other substances (zeolite, bentonite, soil), because of its high nutrient capacity, it is an acidifying substance. The aim of this study was to compost the mixture of poultry manure and hen manure by the addition of zeolite and to monitor the composting process. It was also our aim to statistically determine the effect of the zeolite on parameters describing the composting process. The windrow composting experiments were set up in the composting area of the University of Debrecen, Institute of Water and Environmental Management. The composting experiment was 62 days long, during which the main parameters describing the composting process were continuously monitored: temperature (°C), moisture content (w/w%), electrical conductivity (mS/cm), organic matter content (w/w%), examination of nitrogen forms (w/w%). In this study, three factors were investigated: temperature, humidity, and pH. For statistical evaluation, R software and RStudio user interface were used. We developed a repeated measurement model, in which the fixed and random effects were determined for our parameters under study, and the resulting relationships were shown on interaction plots. Based on our results, the temperature of the prisms has become independent of the ambient temperature and the composting stages can be separated in both the control and the zeolite treated prisms. In the repeated measurement model, we proved that treatment, time and treatment: time interaction were significant at both temperature and pH.

Waste and Biomass Valorization

A model procedure for the sustainable management of plant biomass related to wine production, namely vine branches from agricultural practices in the vineyard and marcs remaining after grapes crushing, was devised. An artificial humification process was set up that could respond to the needs of environmental sustainability and could be a safe way to be reintroduce in the vineyard part of the organic matter previously exported, thus contributing to recover or maintain vineyard soil fertility. Two different strategies for composting were tested, namely a static pile, made by branches and marcs, and a pile that was fed twice a year alternatively with vine branches and grape marcs. The experimentation lasted 710 days, during which environmental parameters, i.e. temperature and rainfalls were monitored. Growth dynamics of the principal functional groups of microorganism were followed. A characterization of the composted material was obtained by measuring several parameters among which, pH, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and heavy metals content. The characteristics of the produced compost fulfill the requirements prescribed by the Italian legislation regarding the use of compost as soil amendment. Germination tests demonstrated the absence of phytotoxicity and conversely evidenced a stimulating activity towards root development.

CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water, 2011

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of various aeration rates on composting to supply the optimum aeration rate for a successful and economic composting. For this aim, vegetable-fruit wastes (VFW) were composted at various aeration rates (0.37, 0.49, 0.62, 0.74, 0.86, and 0.99 L/min kg VS) and moisture, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, C/N, and cellulose were investigated. Moistures of the reactor that had the highest aeration were generally lower than those of the others. Reactor that had the lowest aeration reached thermophilic phase earlier than the others and stayed more days. This situation was opposite for the reactor that had the highest aeration. pH variations with aeration rates were not significant. Although electrical conductivity did not differ significantly with aeration rates, at the beginning of the thermophilic phase it generally increased with the increase in aeration. The highest C/N reduction was observed in the reactor that had an aeration of 0.62 L/min kg VS. The final cellulose contents were close to each other. It could be said that aeration rates used were efficient on composting of VFW. Taking the C/N into account which is the parameter of the indicator of the stabilization in composting, it could be said that the optimum aeration rate for forced aerobic composting of VFW was 0.62 L/min kg VS.

—Inappropriate municipal solid waste (MSW) management is one of the major critical issues in Sri Lanka due to rapid urbanization and population growth and changing consumption patterns and human activities on natural environment producing more waste. Rapid urbanization, centralized industrialization and changing of consumption pattern of the general public of Western Province generate more waste than other province and it was selected for the current study. Due to this complex situation Waste Management Authority (WMA) was established under Western Provincial Council in 2004. Waste generation in the Western Province is approximately 60% from total waste generation of the country and from them about 75% are organic wastes. Composting is the most suitable method in the Western Province. Under WMA, 19 small and medium scale compost plants are maintained by local authorities of the Western Province. According to the capacity calculation of each plant, six plants are over capacity than design capacity and others are in lower capacity level. Design capacity of all plants is 155 ton/day and Operating Capacity of all plants is 82 ton/day. This variation was occurred due to poor operational efficiency. Poorly maintain plants were selected to monitor considering different physical, chemical, and environmental parameters to identify the problems. Height, width and length of the pile, turning schedule of the piles, temperature, moisture, and pH variation in different stages of composting process were evaluated in the selected plants. According to these evaluations, it was concluded that all factors are interconnected to produce compost and deviation of one factor directly affect to another factors prolonging the composting period. Turning and pile dimensions are directly affect to the other factors of composting process like moisture content, temperature and aeration process. All composting, windrows should be no more than 6 feet high and 12-14 feet length. For maximum production, temperature should be maintained between 50 o C and 55 o C after the few days and between 55 o C and 60 o C for several weeks, Moisture content between 40% and 60%. The optimum pH for microorganisms involved in composting lies between 6.5 and 7.5. To minimize the loss of nitrogen in the form of ammonia gas, pH should not rise above about 8.5. Most of the heat produced in composting depends with consumption of Oxygen and production of Carbon Dioxide and water. Thus the waste pile must be sufficiently porous and materials should be placed loosely in the piles and compaction should be avoided. As the area is limited for composting piles in the plant proper operating is needed.

2019

The aim of the study was to investigate the possibilities for composting in a small suburban farm, where also vineyards, orchards and vegetable crops are grown. The experiment was carried out in the period 2016-2017 in the experimental field on University of Forestry Sofia. In the spring of 2016 were selected plant wastes from viticulture and horticulture and were built two compost piles – one only with plant residues (grape vine canes, fruit twigs and grass windrow) and one with rabbit manure,(grape vine canes, fruit twigs and grass windrow+ rabbit manure). In the autumn of 2016 was built a compost pile only with plant residues from vegetable field (frostbitten tomato and pepper stems and fresh leek residues). During composting period it was monitored the temperature regime in the compost piles. They achieved high temperature (60 and above 60 °C). The active phase of composting, in the three compost piles lasted for about a month. At the beginning and after the 6 months period were...

Bioresource Technology, 2004

The composting of winery waste is an alternative to the traditional disposal of residues, and also involves a commitment to reducing the production of waste products. We studied two residues (sludge and grape stalks), mixed in two proportions (1:1 and 1:2 sludge and grape stalks (v/v)), and we also examined the effects of grinding the grape stalks. Our results showed that composting the assayed materials was possible. Best results were obtained in the compost heap in which the residues were mixed in the proportion 1:2, and where the grape stalks had been previously ground. Optimum results required a moisture around 55% and a maximum temperature around 65°C and an oxygen concentration not lower than 5-10%. The resulting compost had a high agronomic value and is particularly suitable for the soils of the vineyards which have a very low organic matter content. The compost can be reintroduced into the production system, thereby closing the residual material cycle.