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2004
This paper presents a study on two kinematic structures for dynamically stable biped locomotion. The two legs, each with three degrees of freedom, are connected through a rigid waist. The dynamics of both structures is modelled by partitioning the six dof kinematic chain in a 3 dof supporting leg and a 3 dof balance leg. A low complexity model is obtained by simplifying the dynamics of the balance leg not accounting for rotational dynamics. It is shown that the overall model produces good results under the point mass assumption for each link and a standard robust control algorithm.
IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 2013
Analytical techniques are presented for the motion planning and control of a 10 degree-of-freedom biped walking robot. From the Denavit-Hartenberg method and Newton-Euler equations, joint torques are obtained in terms of joint trajectories and the inverse dynamics are developed for both the single-support and double-support cases. Physical admissibility of the biped trajectory is characterized in terms of the equivalent force-moment and zero-moment point. This methodology has been used to obtain stability of walking biped robot Archie developed in IHRT. A simulation example illustrates the application of the techniques to plan the forward-walking trajectory of the biped robot.
2015 15th International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS), 2015
Abstract: Biped robots have several degrees of freedom (DOF) composed of many articulated links connected together by joint which ends up in a complex structure and difficult to make it mimic human like locomotion gait which is dynamic in nature and at the same time stable in the sense of not falling by. This paper presents dynamic equations of motion and its Matlab simulation of joints position. These dynamic equations are derived by starting with the kinematics which includes forward kinematics (FK) derived by using the Denavit-Hartenberg notation and inverse kinematics (IK) and then solving the dynamics of the biped robot. Two well-known methods for solving the dynamic of the robot are Newton-Euler formulation and Euler-Lagrangian formulation. This work uses the Euler-Lagrange formulation as it is a fancy formulation technique for solving dynamics instead of finding all the forces, velocities using Newton-Euler formulation.
This paper describes the control of a biped robot, that uses an inverted pendulum for its balance. A control method that consists of the balance of the gaits, through the correction of the lateral and longitudinal angles of the pendulum is proposed in this work. This method p resents three phases: first t he trajectory of the foot i n movement is defined, applying the inverse kinematics to calculate the robot's internal angles, and the direct kinematics is used to ob tain the positions and o rientations of the robot's joints; then the linear and angular accelerations are obtained; l ast, the zero moment point (ZMP) is calculated as a verification parameter of the requested margin of stability. Simulation of the robot gaits to walk in horizontal, sloping plans, and up and down stairs is also made. In order to decrease the calculation time of the dynamic stability, the impact of using zero pendulum angles as starting points for the interactive process of achieving the desire...
Robotica, 1999
This paper addresses the problem of modeling biped dynamics and the use of such models for the control of walking, running and jumping robots. We describe two approaches to dynamic modeling: the basic Lagrange approach and the non-regular dynamic approach. The new non-regular dynamic approach takes into account discontinuities due to rigid contact between punctual feet and the ground without computing the exact impact time. The contact is close to the physical situation given by non-linear laws (impenetrability, non-smooth contact and real friction cone). Contact dynamics can be well managed with an accurate dynamic model that respects energy consistency during all the phases encountered during a step (0, 1 or 2 contacts). With this model, we can first study the equilibrum of a biped standing on one foot by a linearisation method. In the second stage, the unified modelized equation is used to establish a general control frame based on non-regular dynamical decoupling. A comparison i...
Mobile Robots: towards New Applications, 2006
This paper deals with the stable walking of biped robots. The presented control algorithm enables a biped to perform stable walking without using any precomputed trajectories. The algorithm merges gait trajectory generation and control, and can be used for global control, for local control along an existing trajectory as well as for online computation of gait trajectories for stable walking. The inputs for the algorithm are a few parameters such as walking speed and step size. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated by simulation.
2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2015
Pendulum models have been studied as benchmark problems for development of nonlinear control schemes, as well as reduced-order models for the dynamics analysis of locomotion of humanoid robots. This work provides a generalization of the previously introduced Reaction Mass Pendulum (RMP), which is a multibody inverted pendulum model, to a bipedal model that can better model bipedal locomotion. The RMP consists of an extensible "leg" and a "body" with moving proof masses that give rise to a variable rotational inertia. The Reaction Mass Biped (RMB) introduced here has two legs, one of which takes the role of a stance leg and the other performs as a swing leg during bipedal locomotion. The bipedal walking dynamics model of the RMB is therefore hybrid, with the roles of stance leg and swing leg interchanged after each cycle. The dynamics model is developed using a variational mechanics approach, without using generalized coordinates for the rotational degrees of freedom. This dynamics model has thirteen degrees of freedom, all of which are considered to be actuated in the control design. A set of desired state trajectories that can enable bipedal walking in straight and curved lines are generated. A control scheme is then designed for asymptotically stable tracking of this set of trajectories with an almost global domain of attraction. Numerical simulation results confirm the stability of this tracking control scheme for different walking trajectories of the RMB.
2017
First, a brief overview is provided on humanoid robots, and also models for the dynamic behavior are discussed. As base for these models these two methods Denavit-Hartenberg and Newton-Euler are used. Main aim of this work is to investigate the stability of a biped robot developed from IHRT. There is currently the low base of robot - consisting of feet, legs, hips and upper part of robots body. This structure currently has ten degrees of freedom.
Modelling and Simulation in Engineering, 2021
Simulation is a virtual representation of a dynamic system. For the case of mechanical systems, the simulator is used to calculate the reaction forces between its base and the ground and other constraints. The intermittent nature of these forces and the mathematical inequalities that they must satisfy lead to models described by hybrid algebraic differential equations. In this paper, a simulator was developed for a seven degrees of freedom planar biped robot, which was modeled using the Euler-Lagrange formulation. This model allowed the design and implementation of a control strategy for balance management, and the monitoring of articular reference paths are tested in the simulator before proceeding to implementation on the actual prototype.
Modeling and Kinematics Analysis of the Biped Robot, 2015
Biped robots are intricate in design, with more degrees of freedom (DOF) because of the challenging goal of imitating humanoid gait. This paper gives a very simple architecture of the biped robot have three degrees of freedom (DOF)in each leg, one DOF for hip joint and one corresponding to the knee and ankle joint respectively. Denavit-Hartenberg parameter is being used to obtain the solution for forward kinematics (FK). Furthermore the forward kinematics is also confirmed using Peter-Corke toolbox in this work. This gives the desired results of the different orientation. The CAD model is also made to give a better visual model of the biped robot. Keywords—Biped robot, Design, Denavit-Hartenberg parameters, Forward kinematics
International Journal of Image Processing and Vision Science, 2013
Humans are the most advanced creatures of the nature. Accordingly it can be stated that humanoid robots are the most advanced creatures of human beings. Among the man-made systems such as automobile, hand-phones and multimedia devices, robots of future will hopefully be the most ideal assistants to human beings. During several decades of research, development projects aimed at building bipedal and humanoid robots has been increasing at a rapid rate. A brief review of current activities in the development of bipedal humanoid robotics is provided in this paper. The dynamic modelling of biped robotic system in the current trend is also described. The main objectives for using bipedal robots are introduced and bipedal locomotion as well as its dynamic behaviors in different fields are also considered. The use of dynamics of different kinds of mechanical systems in the field of humanoid robotics is also emphasized. Finally, a list of few projects in this field is provided.
In this article, we intend to consider the behavior and control of a biped walking robot using kinematic and dynamic relations. At first, by using simple model of humanoid robot and essentional equations the angles, angular velocities, accelerations of motors and required torques for moving on a straight line are find out. In the second step considering numerical values of the robot parameters and constructing the dynamic model the abilities of robot are examined and simulated.
2016
Keywords— Degree of freedom (DOF), Denavit–Hartenberg (D-H) parameters, Jacobian, Lagrangian
In this paper, a high-level real-time control strategy for a bipedal walking robot is presented. The considered motion is a steady walking pattern with instantaneous double support phase. The presented algorithm introduces a number of objective locomotion parameters which char- acterize the steps, and at the same time controls the upper body motion. Polynomial trajectories are designed to be tracked by the different controllers of the leg links. These trajectories deal with the fact that the ankle torque is limited by the physical length of the foot. The motion of the upper body is quasi naturally steered by using the angular momentum equation in a convenient way. Only a small ankle torque has to be added to reach exactly the desired conditions for the upper body. Promising results of the simulations are shown.
CONIELECOMP 2013, 23rd International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Computing, 2013
This paper presents a methodology for modeling a biped robot on Matlab/SimMechanics, which supports mathematical model development with time and effort savings. The model used for the biped robot simulation consists of 5-links which are connected through revolute joins. The identical legs have knee joints between the shank and thigh parts, and a rigid body forms the torso. Furthermore, modeling of ground contact forces is described. A PD controller is used on a linear model in state variable form in order to simulate the dynamic of the system. Results obtained from the dynamic simulation are presented.
International Journal of Computer Applications, 2014
This paper proposes a thorough algorithm that can tune the walking parameters (hip height, distance traveled by the hip, and times of single support phase SSP and double support phase DSP) to satisfy the kinematic and dynamic constraints: singularity condition at the knee joint, zero-moment point (ZMP) constraint, and unilateral contact constraints. Two walking patterns of biped locomotion have been investigated using the proposed algorithm. The distinction of these walking patterns is that the stance foot will stay fixed during the first sub-phase of the DSP for pattern 1, while it will rotate simultaneously at beginning of the DSP for pattern 2. A seven-link biped robot is simulated with the proposed algorithm. The results show that the proposed algorithm can compensate for the deviation of the ZMP trajectory due to approximate model of the pendulum model; thus balanced motion could be generated. In addition, it is shown that keeping the stance foot fixed during the first sub-phase of the DSP is necessary to evade deviation of ZMP from its desired trajectory resulting in unbalanced motion; thus, walking pattern 1 is preferred practically.
Mechatronics
This paper presents a robust compound control strategy to produce a stable gait in dynamic bipedal robots under random perturbations. The proposed control strategy consists of two interactive loops: an adaptive trajectory generator and a robust trajectory tracking controller. The adaptive trajectory generator produces references for the robot controlled joints without a-priori knowledge of the terrain features and minimizes the effects of disturbances and model uncertainties during the gait, particularly during the support-leg exchange. The trajectory tracking controller is a non-switching robust multivariable generalized proportional integral (GPI) controller. The GPI controller rejects external disturbances and uncertainties faced by the robot during the swing walking phase. The proposed control strategy was evaluated on the numerical model of a five-link planar bipedal robot with one degree of under-actuation, four actuators, and point feet. The results showed robust performance and stability under external disturbances and model parameter uncertainties on uneven terrain with uphills and downhills. The stability of the gait was proven through the computation of a Poincaré return map for a hybrid zero dynamics with uncertainties (HZDU) model, which shows con
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 2015
This is an approach of designing and implementing walking postures for bipedal robot. The project presents efficient mechatronic architecture describing mechanical to software issues related to designing and execution of locomotion. The aim is to simulate and exhibit the robustness and the efficiency of the controller architecture using PD controller in MATLAB. The mission is to develop a biped to walk using Arduino Mega 2560.PRO-E simulation is done to calculate motion parameters. Trajectory planning is accomplished using Matlab.
… Journal of Humanoid …, 2006
Recently, a lot of research has been conducted in the area of biped walking robots that could be compared to human beings. The aim of this article is to control a new planar biped robot by means of an adaptive procedure. The newly designed robot is able to move on its heel like a human. After derivation of dynamic equations of motion for two states of the robot, namely, "supporting leg and trunk" and "swing leg" separately, the stability of robot is achieved by locating the zero moment point (ZMP). A dynamic modification is developed for ZMP positioning. For motion control of the robot, the physical parameters (such as mass, link length and geometry) are estimated (identified) by adaptive methods. A Matlab based software simulation is also conducted.
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