CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF GASTRIC CANCER

Gastroenterology Review, 2019

Gastric cancer remains one of the most common and deadly cancers worldwide, especially among older males. Based on GLOBOCAN 2018 data, stomach cancer is the 5 th most common neoplasm and the 3 rd most deadly cancer, with an estimated 783,000 deaths in 2018. Gastric cancer incidence and mortality are highly variable by region and highly dependent on diet and Helicobacter pylori infection. While strides in preventing and treating H. pylori infection have decreased the overall incidence of gastric cancer, they have also contributed to an increase in the incidence of cardia gastric cancer, a rare subtype of the neoplasm that has grown 7-fold in the past decades. A better understanding of the etiology and risk factors of the disease can help reach a consensus in approaching H. pylori infection. Dietary modification, smoking cessation, and exercise hold promise in preventing gastric cancer, while genetic testing is enabling earlier diagnosis and thus greater survival. Epidemiology of gastric cancer: global trends, risk factors and prevention Gastroenterology Review 2019; 14 (1) gastric cancer has the highest incidence among all cancers for males. There is no country where it is the most diagnosed cancer in females [1]. Cancers of the stomach are more frequently diagnosed in developed nations. The average incidence rate among high-middle Human Development Index (HDI) nations is 20 per 100,000 for males, while the average rate among low-middle HDI nations is 6.6 per 100,000 [1]. The incidence of gastric cancer is highly variable by region and culture. Incidence rates are highest in Eastern and Central Asia and Latin America (Figure 2) [6]. In East Asia, the average incidence of gastric cancer is 32.1 per 100,000 among males and 13.2 among females. In North America, this incidence is 5.6 per 100,000. The rate is lowest in North and East Africa, with only 4.7 annual diagnoses per 100,000 males. The Republic of

International journal of reserch and development in pharmacy and life sciences, 2018

Gastric cancer is the Fifth most common cancer and third most cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. The Decreasing number from the last two decades is the effect of the Healthy lifestyle, and Helicobacter pylori eradication, The review article pronounces the importance of mass screening and early detection in high risk population and summarizes the most important aspects of gastric cancers, which include epidemiology, risk factors, classification, tumor markers, diagnosis, prevention, ,treatment strategies for different stages of cancer and their five year survival rate. It also emphasizes global updated statistics of stomach cancer incidence, mortality rate and highly prevalent areas of this cancer to provide basic details to the researcher for identifying the need of developing more screening programs in high risk population and develop new treatments to improve the quality of life and survival rate in these people. cancer, Stages of cancer, TNM classification, Globocan 2018 Article Information:

International Journal of Cancer, 2009

Until the mid-1990s, gastric cancer has been the first cause of cancer death worldwide, although rates had been declining for several decades and gastric cancer has become a relatively rare cancer in North America and in most Northern and Western Europe, but not in Eastern Europe, Russia and selected areas of Central and South America or East Asia. We analyzed gastric cancer mortality in Europe and other areas of the world from 1980 to 2005 using joinpoint regression analysis, and provided updated site-specific incidence rates from 51 selected registries. Over the last decade, the annual percent change (APC) in mortality rate was around 23, 24% for the major European countries. The APC were similar for the Republic of Korea (APC 5 24.3%), Australia (23.7%), the USA (23.6%), Japan (23.5%), Ukraine (23%) and the Russian Federation (22.8%). In Latin America, the decline was less marked, but constant with APC around 21.6% in Chile and Brazil, 22.3% in Argentina and Mexico and 22.6% in Colombia. Cancers in the fundus and pylorus are more common in high incidence and mortality areas and have been declining more than cardia gastric cancer. Steady downward trends persist in gastric cancer mortality worldwide even in middle aged population, and hence further appreciable declines are likely in the near future.

Journal of Tumor Medicine & Prevention, 2018

Journal of Cancer Therapy

Gastric adenocarcinoma is the most common gastric tumor. It is the fifth most common cancer worldwide after lung cancer, breast, colo rectal and prostate cancer. Long considered enigmatic, its epidemiology has changed over time. In fact, the incidence of distal gastric cancer has declined while that of the cardia was stable or increased. This cancer is multifactorial but reducing the incidence of distal cancer is particularly attributed to advances in the treatment of H. pylori infection. In this review, we analyzed the available data concerning the changing epidemiology of gastric cancer and the main risk factors. The incidence of distal cancer is definitely declining due to the control of Helicobacter pylori infection. Proximal gastric cancer and cardia cancer is particularly due to smoking, overweight.

Helicobacter, 2011

In 2010, the WHO introduced the seventh edition of the tumor node metastasis (TNM) classification that provides a more detailed classification for both local tumor invasion (T) and lymph node involvement (N) compared with the previous version. The T and N categories of tumors located in the stomach have been further modified with the intention to ensure a better correlation to the prognostic outcome. For the classification of a pN0, the number of lymph nodes has been adjusted to 16.

Medical Journal of Islamic World Academy of Sciences, 2015

The incidence of gastric cancer varies in different countries around the world. Japan, Hungary, Poland, Chile, Malaysia, and Iceland are the countries that have higher rate of gastric cancer (1). According to the data reported by Cancer Control Department of the Ministry of Health, in 1994, gastrointestinal system cancers in males have come second just after the respiratory system cancers in Turkey. Again according to these data, gastric cancer is ranked first among other gastrointestinal system cancers. Male/female ratio in the gastric cancer is approximately 3/2 (2). This ratio is 2/1 in the world. Early diagnosis and treatment are important in the gastric cancer. In Japan, where the gastric cancer is widespread, the early detection of gastric cancer through screening programs is now more prevalent. The Japanese state that lymph node dissection in the surgical treatment of gastric cancer has a significant impact on survival. They also reported that the lymph node dissection ranks fourth among other prognostic factors (3). The aim of this study is to analyze the survival of patients who underwent a surgical intervention in general surgery clinic with the diagnosis of gastric cancer and to compare the effects of various factors on survival. In addition to survival analysis, morphological and pathological data of gastric cancer were also assessed in the scope of this study.

Annals of Translational Medicine

Although the incidence of gastric cancer has decreased worldwide, it is the fifth most common cancer in the world. In 2018, 1,033,701 new cancers and 782,685 deaths occurred globally (1). These account for 5.7% of total new cancer cases and 8.2% of total cancer deaths. The incidence of gastric cancer has differed from country to country. The incidence of gastric cancer has been high in East Asian countries, particularly in China, Korea, and Japan. Although the age-standardized incidence of gastric cancer is 11.1 (/100,000) for both sexes worldwide, the incidence in Asian countries is higher, as follows: 20.7 (/100,000) in China, 39.6 (/100,000) in the Republic of Korea, and 27.5 (/100,000) in Japan. In Western countries, the incidence of gastric cancer is lower than in East Asian countries.

Gastroenterology and Hepatology From Bed to Bench, 2011

Cancer starts with a change in one single cell. This change may be initiated by external agents and genetic factors. Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and accounts for 7.6 million deaths (around 13% of all deaths) in 2008. Lung, stomach, liver, colon and breast cancer cause the most cancer deaths each year. In this review, different aspects of gastric cancer; including clinical, pathological characteristic of gastric cancer, etiology, incidence, risk factors, prevention and treatment are studied.