Atomism revisited

When the atomic philosophers referred to atoms, they considered them as the pieces of matter that were not susceptible to further division. In modern physics atoms are not the fundamental constituents of matter. In such a case the term atom is inaccurate, since the basic elements of matter are the quarks and the leptons. Here are considered the views of the Presocratic atomists on atoms, followed by the conclusions and results of modern science on the elementary constituents of matter, which are the true atoms of ancient philosophy.

Journal of Modern Physics, 2016

In this study all energy in the universe, here called energy quanta, originate from a singularity at the centre of the universe. These energy quanta have different frequencies and at each frequency the energy quanta can have positive or negative spin direction. There is a force of attraction between energy quanta which have exactly the same frequency but opposite spins. This is the dominating force in the universe and accounts for the strong nuclear force, the Coulomb force and the gravitational force. The universe contains one more basic entity; the oscillator quantum which absorbs and re-emits energy quanta at one specific frequency. The oscillator quantum can have positive or negative spin. Thus, there is a force of attraction between oscillator quanta with opposite spins and which amalgamates oscillator quanta into larger structures, i.e. particles (e.g. electron). These particles also have spin at a specific spin frequency and they have positive or negative spin. Thus they absorb and re-emit energy quanta at a frequency specific to the particle and where they can have positive or negative spin. This amalgamates particles into larger structures, e.g. quarks, neutron, proton and atomic nucleus. Using this model enables simple and stringent descriptions of elementary particle physics, electromagnetic theory, gravity, photon and inertial mass. The present model may be a step towards unification of elementary particle physics, general relativity, quantum physics and electromagnetic theory into one comprehensive theory.

Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, 2008

The hypothesis that matter is made of some ultimate and indivisible objects, together with the restricted relativity principle, establishes a constraint on the kind of variables we are allowed to use for the variational description of elementary particles. We consider that the atomic hypothesis not only states the indivisibility of elementary particles, but also that these ultimate objects, if not annihilated, cannot be modified by any interaction so that all allowed states of an elementary particle are only kinematical modifications of any one of them. Therefore, an elementary particle cannot have excited states. In this way, the kinematical group of spacetime symmetries not only defines the symmetries of the system, but also the variables in terms of which the mathematical description of the elementary particles can be expressed in either the classical or the quantum mechanical description. When considering the interaction of two Dirac particles, the atomic hypothesis restricts the interaction Lagrangian to a kind of minimal coupling interaction.

Our vision about the physical reality might be distorted if the currently adopted concept about vacuum is not correct. This may refer to processes in the micro world -beyond the limit of detection, and in the macro world -events of cosmological time scale. The thesis titled Basic Structures of Matter (BSM) presents a theory based on one alternative concept about the vacuum space that has not been studied in history of physics. The suggested concept provides a reference point allowing separation of space from time parameters in the analysis. This gives a possibility for theoretical study of complex physical phenomena in three dimensional space and unidirectional time scale with strongly observed principles of objective reality, causality and logical understanding. Analysing physical phenomena from a new point of view allows shedding a light on the relations between different physical fields and forces. An interdisciplinary study based on suggested concept leads to unveiling of hidden structural features of the elementary particles and atomic nuclei. The obtained physical models of the atoms exhibit the same energetic levels as the Quantum Mechanical models; however, the parameters and positions of the quantum orbits are strictly defined by the nuclear configuration. The derived models open a new possibility for analysis of sub-molecular and sub-atomic processes. The new concept allows finding logic behind quantum mechanical and relativistic phenomena. It logically leads also to a different hypothesis about the Universe, challenging the theory of Big Bang.

Physics Today, 2012

R ichard Feynman once wrote that the concept of the atomic structure of the material world was the most fertile idea we inherited from antiquity. But although the so-called atomic hypothesis traces its beginnings to the fifth century BC (see box 1), it was only a century ago, in 1911, that the atom secured its place as the cornerstone of the modern physical sciences. That year marked two important advances in our understanding of the microscopic world. First, from the observation that α particles were deflected as they passed through a thin gold foil, Ernest Rutherford arrived at the planetary model of the atom, in which electrons orbit a massive nucleus. Second, he evaluated the angle-differential cross section for the deflection of the α particles. 1 Rutherford's formula was purely classical-he treated atomic particles as having trajectories influenced by Coulomb forces-yet it proved remarkably accurate. An identical expression can be derived quantum mechanically by calculating the scattering amplitude due to Coulomb interaction in the limit of weak scattering, where the first Born approximation holds (see box 2). The success of Rutherford's calculations, however, was soon overshadowed by the advent of quantum mechanics (QM), which triumphed in describing atomic and subatomic processes. Deemed generally inadequate, the classical approach was neglected until 1953, when Gregory Wannier, then at Bell Labs, used classical mechanics to derive a law describing near-threshold atom ionization due to electron impact. 2 In the decades that followed, various efforts from an assortment of groups demonstrated the enduring capacity of classical mechanics to elucidate the structure and interactions of atoms.

We set out a fundamental ontology of atomism in terms of matter points. While being most parsimonious, this ontology is able to match both classical and quantum mechanics, and it remains a viable option for any future theory of cosmology that goes beyond current quantum physics. The matter points are structurally individuated: all there is to them are the spatial relations in which they stand; neither a commitment to intrinsic properties nor to an absolute space is required. The spatial relations change. All that is needed to capture change is a dynamical structure, namely dynamical relations as expressed in terms of the dynamical parameters of a physical theory.

www.ijsr.net, 2022

The Atoms are formed by elementary particles and atomic forces. The Particle are bound by strong and weak forces to form a proton and neutrons. The atom is formed by electromagnetic force and strong force.

In the atom, the negatively charge electrons move about positively charged nucleus. Bohr suggested a model which was intended to explain the connection between atomic structure and the frequencies of the spectral lines. Following the Rutherford atomic model, it assumes that the electrons move about the nucleus like planets around the sun in circular orbits [1]. However, the explanation of what prevents the negatively charged electrons from falling into the positively charged nucleus due to the strong electrostatic attraction is poorly known. Here I show that the photon move about the electron like the moon around a planet depending on the solar system model. The moon controls the motion of the planet and so as photons with the electron. In an inertial frame of reference there is no such thing as centrifugal force [2]. The centrifugal force between the nucleus and the electron is not hypothetically considered in the existence of orbiting photon around electron. So, the repeating involves the atom and the solar system. From this atomic model, it is concluded the theory of everything which is the repeating in our universe. It shows the provident that our universe is infinite.

Advanced texts in physics, 2005

The original conception of atomism suggests “atoms”, which cannot be divided more into composing parts. However, the name “atom” in physics is reserved for entities, which can be divided into electrons, protons, neutrons and other “elementary particles”, some of which are in turn compounded by other, “more elementary” ones. Instead of this, quantum mechanics is grounded on the actually indivisible quanta of action limited by the fundamental Planck constant. It resolves the problem of how both discrete and continuous (even smooth) to be described uniformly and invariantly in thus. Quantum mechanics can be interpreted in terms of quantum information. Qubit is the indivisible unit (“atom”) of quantum information. The imagery of atomism in modern physics moves from atoms of matter (or energy) via “atoms” (quanta) of action to “atoms” (qubits) of quantum information. This is a conceptual shift in the cognition of reality to terms of information, choice, and time