Из истории Крымского института специальных культур (1922-1924)

Oleksandr Kravchuk

Из истории Крымского института специальных культур (1922-1924)

2019, Из истории Крымского института специальных культур (1922-1924)

Abstract

В статье восстановлены основные аспекты создания, функционирования и ликвидации Крымского института специальных культур, ставшего правопреемником агрономического факультета Крымского (Таврического) университета. После ликвидации института в 1924 г. его работа была восстановлена в 1931 г., в 1935 г. учебное заведение было реорганизовано в Крымский сельскохозяйственный институт имени М. И. Калинина.

In my article, I considered history of Crimean grape school. I used archival data, which stored in State Archive of Russian Federation, The State Archives of Odessa Region and The State Archives of Republic of Crimea. Crimean grape School was located in Sudak and was a first school of winemaking in the Russian Empire. The government sought to create an industry in Taurida province and the base of the vine school was the first step in this case. G. A. Potemkin was the first who began to rebuild winemaking in Crimea after its annexation to the Russian Empire in 1783. At the beginning of the nineteenth century in the Taurida province was devastation, there was no industrial enterprise. Climatic conditions in the Crimea is suitable for growing grapes. In the Russian Empire was not a single enterprise, which produced wine at this time. That is why the Crimean grape school was to become an important enterprise. P. S Pallas played an important role in the creation of the school. He drafted, provides comprehensive support in the early years of the institution. P. S. Pallas was an academician and renowned scientist, he knew the local conditions, and his support was important. The Government invited the foreigners to work in the school. They were heads of the school and worked in it as winemakers. Pupils at the school were orphans. Soldier’s orphans were pupils at the school. School existed for almost 40 years. M. S. Vorontsov believed that the best place for grape school was the Southern coast of Crimea. He established a new school in Magarach Valley and Crimean grape school ceased to exist in 1841. На основе архивных данных Российского государственного исторического архива, Государственного архива Одесской области и Государственного архива Республики Крым восстановлена история первого в России училища виноградарства и виноделия, располагавшегося в Судаке. Создание этого заведения было одним из важнейших шагов, направленных на развитие промышленности и сельского хозяйства на полуострове после его присоединения к Российской империи в 1783 г. Ключевую роль в организации училища сыграл академик П. С. Паллас, подготовивший проект и оказывавший всестороннюю поддержку в ходе его работы. Важное место в развитии учреждения отводилось иностранным виноградарям, которые трудились там в качестве руководителей и рядовых служащих. Организация подчинялась напрямую таврическим гражданским губернаторам, основную массу учеников составляли солдатские сироты. История Крымского виноградного училища насчитывает 40 лет. Его ликвидация связана с деятельностью М. С. Воронцова, по инициативе которого центр виноградарства и виноделия был перемещен на Южный берег Крыма. Ключевые слова: Крымское виноградное училище, Крым, Таврическая губерния, Судак, виноделие в Крыму, виноградарство в Крыму, П. С. Паллас.

In spring of 1924 Viacheslav Ivanov was invited to Moscow to participate in the June celebrations of the 125th anniversary of Aleksandr Pushkin’s birth. The months he spent in the capital reflect an unusually active social schedule. As his address book of the summer of 1924 indicates, he met with a wide range of people: composers and performers (Reinhold Glière, Mikhail Gnesin, Aleksandr Grechaninov, Aleksandr Goldenweiser, Nikolai Miaskovsky, Nikolai Medtner, Leonid Sabaneev), poets and prose writers (Valery Briusov, Iurgis Baltrushaitis, Andrei Glo¬ba, Vasily Kazin, Vladimir Lidin, Isaiah Lezhnev, Vladimir Nilender, Ivan Novikov, Sergei Poliakov, Ivan Rukavishnikov, Sergei Shervinsky, Anastasia Tsvetaeva), theater directors (Vsevolod Meyerhold, Aleksandr Tairov), literary scholars (Mikhail Gershenzon, Leonid Grossman, Viktor Zhirmunsky, Boris Eichenbaum), artists (Anatoly Arapov, Nikolai Ulianov, Nikolai Vysheslavtsev, Konstantin Yuon), priests and theologians (Sergei Sidorov, Pavel Florensky), art historians and museum curators (Count Valentin Zubov, Nikolai Mashkovtsev, Boris Ternovets, Abram Efros) and others. Many of these people were in one way or another connected to the activity of the State Academy for the Study of the Arts (GAKhN). It was in fact for GAKhN that Ivanov gave a series of well-received lectures. After receiving his passport to travel to Italy on 4 July 1924, Ivanov decided to postpone his departure for an entire month. It would seem that this delay was connected to the need to draw up a project for the creation in Rome of a Soviet State Institute for History, Archeology and Art History. The project was supported by Petr Kogan, the president of GAKhN, and by Anatoly Lunacharsky, the head of the People’s Commissariat of Enlightenment. The Institute was envisioned as an organization that would serve both researchers and students, following the models of the corresponding academies in Rome — the French Academy, the French School of Archeology, the German Archeological Institute, etc. As Ivanov formulated it in the first plan that he gave to Lunacharsky on 24 August 1924: “The absence of Russia in the arena where cultured peoples are jointly and competitively pursuing scholarly work and cooperating in advanced scholarly colloquy is a kind of voluntary exclusion from contemporary civilization and an indirect affirmation of false rumors about the decline of our culture.

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