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2020, paper
Prime numbers are of greater interest to mathematicians, both professional and amateur, since people began to study the properties of numbers and find them fascinating. On the one hand, prime numbers seem to be randomly distributed among natural numbers with no law other than probability. On the other hand, however, the distribution of primes globally reveals remarkably smooth regularity when viewed in the context of their products. This can be described by the formula π(N) + ∑p(p ’) = ½N, which says that half of a given quantity is the sum of the number of primes to a given quantity and their products. The combination of the number of prime numbers π(N) with their products greater than 3 ∑p(p')> 3 always creates a constant value growing in progress 34+1(q), and their products of the number 3 ∑3(p) in progress 17-1(q), and half of a given quantity of ½N progressively 51(q). (34 + 1)q + (17-1)q = (51)q, [π(N) + ∑p(p ')> 3] + ∑3(p) = ½N, (26+9) + 16 = (34+1)+(17-1) = 51
https://econteenblog.wordpress.com/, 2018
One thing that will be investigated is if there can be two prime number ratios that are equal to each other. There will be other aspects of prime numbers that will be investigated as well, such as how they ‘relate’ to composite numbers. This paper was originally intended to show that it is impossible to find an underlying pattern or explanation by just using natural numbers, but that was likely incorrect.
2017
Currently there is no known efficient formula for primes. Besides that, prime numbers have great importance in e.g., information technology such as public-key cryptography, and their position and possible or impossible functional generation among the natural numbers is an ancient dilemma. The properties of the functions 2ab+a+b in the domain of natural numbers are introduced, analyzed, and exhibited to illustrate how these single out all the prime numbers from the full set of odd numbers. The characterization of odd primes vs. odd non-primes can be done with 2ab+a+b among the odd natural numbers as an analogue to the other, well known type of fundamental characterization for irrational and rational numbers among the real numbers. The prime number theorem, twin primes and erratic nature of primes, are also commented upon with respect to selection, as well as with the Fermat and Euler numbers as examples. Keywords prime number generator, prime number theorem, twin primes, erratic nature of primes
Print ISBN: 978-93-48388-06-3, eBook ISBN: 978-93-48388-54-4, 2024
In this paper I present the distribution of prime numbers which was treated in many researches by studying the function of Riemann; because it has a remarkable property; its non trivial zeros are prime numbers; but in this work I will show that we can find the distribution of prime numbers on remaining in natural numbers onl
"Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM)", 2024
Hung-ping Tsao (2024). Mathematics of Hung-ping Tsao III: Three Marvelous Distribution Models of Small Prime Numbers as Terminal Values in the Process of Successively Summing up All Factors of the Natural Numbers. In: "Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM)", L. K. Wang and H.P. Tsao (eds). Vol. 6, No. 1, Jan. 2024; 100 pages. Lenox Institute Press MA, USA. ..... ABSTRACT: We present here three distribution models M1 (for n up to 1000), M2 (for n up to 10000) and M3 (for 2n up to 10000) of the small prime numbers as terminal values in the new platform (see [14]), where the terminal value t(n) for each natural number n being defined by way of successively summing up the prime factors. By defining A = {5} and B = {7, 11, 13}, we call 5 the A-terminal value, 7, 11 or 13 a B-terminal value and all others C-terminal values, where C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 17,19, 23, 29, …}. Our findings are summarized as follows. For M1, the frequency for each small prime number to occur as terminal values remains almost the same as n increases from 1 to 1000, namely 30% for 5, 17% for 7, 7% for 11 and 7% for 13. Moreover, the frequencies of singles, doubles, triples and quadruples respectively from A and B are almost identical and they combine to 61% for singles, 16% for doubles, 4% for triples and 1% for quadruples. For M2, the frequency for each small prime number to occur as terminal values remains almost the same as n increases from 1 to 10000, namely 28% for 5, 16% for 7, 6% for 11 and 7% for 13. Moreover, the frequencies of singles, doubles, triples and quadruples respectively from A and B are almost identical and they combine to 57% for singles, 16% for doubles, 4 % for triples and 1% for quadruples. We also come up with a good way of estimating the frequency of singles from A and B combined by using twin primes (tp, tp+2) which will be called cheese sandwich if the terminal value of tp+1 is from C or ham sandwich otherwise.
2021
The paper is the ultimate prime numbers algorithm that gets rid of the unneccessary mystery about prime numbers. All the numerous arithmetic series patterns observed between various prime numbers are clearly explained with an elegant "pattern of remainders". With this algorithm we prove that odd numbers too can make an Ulam spiral contrary to current ""proofs". At the end of the paper this author proves the relationship between a simple arithmetic series pattern and the Riehmann's prime numbers distribution equation. This paper would be important for encryption too. As an example, prime integer 1979 is expressed as 1.2.4.5.10.3.7.3.1.7.26.18.11.1. This makes even smaller primes useful for encryption as well.
papers, 2021
There is a common belief bordering on the certainty that prime numbers are arranged on a chaotic number line, and that they are not governed by any laws that would allow us to describe them all clearly. In this article, "Prime numbers - myths and facts", I will try to show what laws govern and what order prevails among prime numbers, which allows me to clearly describe them. Whoever reads the article to the end will find out what unusual order and harmony prevails in the world of primes instead of chaos.
viXra, 2017
Abstract: A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. The crucial importance of prime numbers to number theory and mathematics in general stems from the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, which states that every integer larger than 1 can be written as a product of one or more primes in a way that is unique except for the order of the prime factors. Primes can thus be considered the “basic building blocks”, the atoms, of the natural numbers. There are infinitely many primes, as demonstrated by Euclid around 300 BC. There is no known simple formula that separates prime numbers from composite numbers. However, the distribution of primes, that is to say, the statistical behavior of primes in the large, can be modelled. The first result in that direction is the prime number theorem, proven at the end of the 19th century, which says that the probability that a given, randomly chosen number n is prime is inversely pr...
Cornell University - arXiv, 2022
The chronicle of prime numbers travel back thousands of years in human history. Not only the traits of prime numbers have surprised people, but also all those endeavors made for ages to find a pattern in the appearance of prime numbers has been captivating them. Until recently, it was firmly believed that prime numbers do not maintain any pattern of occurrence among themselves. This statement is conferred not to be completely true. This paper is also an attempt to discover a pattern in the occurrence of prime numbers. This work intends to introduce some mathematical well-known equations that point to the existence of a simplistic pattern in the number of primes within the range of a number and its square. We assume that the rigorous evaluation of the perceived pattern may benefit in many aspects such as applications of encryption, algorithms concerning prime numbers, and many more.
Prime number, 2021
This text develops and formulates the discovery of an unknown pattern for prime numbers, with amazing and calculable characteristics. Using a mechanism similar to the Collatz conjecture. The text includes program with Python Another possibility is to download a Microsost Excel spreadsheet that performs the calculations.
2018
A numerical study on the distributions of primes in short intervals of length h over the natural numbers N is presented. Based on Cramér's model in Number Theory, we obtain a heuristic expression applicable when h log N but h N , providing support to the Montgomery and Soundararajan conjecture on the variance of the prime distribution at this scale.
2017
Currently there is no known efficient formula for primes. Besides that, prime numbers have great importance in e.g., information technology such as public-key cryptography, and their position and possible or impossible functional generation among the natural numbers is an ancient dilemma. The properties of the functions 2ab+a+b in the domain of natural numbers are introduced, analyzed, and exhibited to illustrate how these single out all the prime numbers from the full set of odd numbers. The characterization of odd primes vs. odd non-primes can be done with 2ab+a+b among the odd natural numbers as an analogue to the other, well known type of fundamental characterization for irrational and rational numbers among the real numbers. The prime number theorem, twin primes and erratic nature of primes, are also commented upon with respect to selection, as well as with the Fermat and Euler numbers as examples.
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 2019
In this paper we probed some interesting aspects of primorial and factorial primes. We did some numerical analysis about the distribution of prime numbers and tabulated our findings. Also, we pointed out certain interesting facts about the utility value of the study of prime numbers and their distributions in control engineering and Brain networks.
"Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM)", 2023
Hung-ping Tsao (2023). A Well-rounded Distribution of Small Prime Numbers as Terminal Values in the Process of Summing up all Factors of the Natural Numbers. In: "Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM)", Lawrence K. Wang and Hung-ping Tsao (editors). Volume 5, Number 10D, October 2023; 59 pages. Lenox Institute Press MA, USA. [email protected]; ..... ABSTRACT: We provide here a new platform for exploring of prime numbers by defining the terminal value t(n) for each natural number n by successively summing up its prime factors. We further define two sets A={5} and B={7, 11, 13}. We shall call 5 the A-terminal value, 7, 11 or 13 a B-terminal value and all others C-terminal values. We have found, up to n =3002, 1 septuple (7 in a roll) A-terminal values ending at 2330, 1 septuple B-terminal values ending at 1595 and 3 sextuple (6 in a roll) C-terminal values ending at 1551, 2562 and 2986, respectively. We further spot checked around n = 10000 and found 1 nonuple (9 in a roll C-terminal values ending at 9787. We finally found that 60% (59%, respectively) of terminal values are 5, 7, 11 or 13 up to n = 2000 (3000, respectively) and came up with a good way of estimating such percentage p(n) by using twin primes, which will be called cheese sandwich if the terminal value of the number sandwiched in between twin primes in question is from C or ham sandwich otherwise. As it turned out, the percentage of ham sandwiches among twin sandwiches is a slightly less than p(n) for n = 2000 or 3000. CONJECTURE 1. In a long run, the percentage of single terminal values from A and B combined is slightly less than 60% and the percentages for double, triple and quadruple terminal values from A and B combined are 16%, 4% and 1%, respectively. CONJECTURE 2. There would not be any m-tuple terminal values from A or B for m > 10. CONJECTURE 3. There might be some m-tuple terminal values from C for m > 10.
2021
In this research first, a sequence of properties called delta is assigned to each prime number and then examined. Deltas are only dependent on the distribution of prime numbers, so the results obtained for the delta distribution can be considered as a proxy for the distribution of prime numbers. The first observation was that these properties are not unique and different prime numbers may have the same value of delta of a given order. It was found that a small number of deltas cover a large portion of prime numbers, so by recognizing repetitive deltas, the next prime numbers can be predicted with a certain probability, but the most important observation of this study is the normal distribution of deltas. This research has not tried to justify the obtained observations and instead of answering the questions, it seeks to ask the right question.
IntechOpen's , 2023
In this work we have studied the prime numbers in the model P ¼ am þ 1, m, a>1∈ . and the number in the form q ¼ mam þ bm þ 1 in particular, we provided tests for hem. This is considered a generalization of the work José María Grau and Antonio M. Oller-marcén prove that if Cmð Þ¼ a mam þ 1 is a generalized Cullen number then ma m - ð Þ1 a ð Þ mod Cmð Þ a . In a second paper published in 2014, they also presented a test for Broth’s numbers in Form kpn þ 1 where k<p n . These results are basically a generalization of the work of W. Bosma and H.C Williams who studied the cases, especially when p ¼ 2, 3, as well as a generalization of the primitive MillerRabin test. In this study in particular, we presented a test for numbers in the form mam þ bm þ 1 in the form of a polynomial that highlights the properties of these numbers as well as a test for the Fermat and Mersinner numbers and p ¼ ab þ 1 a, b>1∈ and p ¼ qa þ 1 where q is prime odd are special cases of the number mam þ bm þ 1 when b takes a specific value. For example, we proved if p ¼ qa þ 1 where q is odd prime and a>1∈ where πj ¼ 1 q q j then Pq2 j¼1 πjð Þ Cmð Þ a qj1 q a m ð Þ - χð Þ m,qam ð Þ mod p Components of proof Binomial the- orem Fermat’s Litter Theorem Elementary algebra.
2004
Let π(x) denote the number of primes smaller or equal to x. We compare √ π(x) with √ R(x) and √ ℓi(x), where R(x) and ℓi(x) are the Riemann function and the logarithmic integral, respectively. We show a regularity in the distribution of the natural numbers in terms of a phase related to ( √ π − √ R) and indicate how ℓi(x) can cross π(x) for the first time.
Turkish Journal of Analysis and Number Theory, 2015
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new pattern in Primes numbers, to eliminate the randomness in their patterns. This paper also justifies the solutions in a numerical and geometric manner. The Prime Function provides further distinction in the nature of Prime Numbers by distinguishing the nature of normality and Abnormality in Prime Numbers. To verify the normality of corresponding Prime numbers, the Sufi primality test is formed. Also using the Prime Function, the formula for the approximate sum of Prime Numbers is derived. The limitations and conditions of the Prime function are also stated. These factors provide a panoramic view of the Prime Function and its potential factor in Number Theory [2].
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2022
Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 2018
We like to say, "As easy as 1,2,3…" Mathematicians know better. These simple objects, the counting numbers, the first mathematical objects one encounters as a child are, in truth, full of mysteries, deep mysteries. The deepest of those mysteries concern the very atoms of the counting numbers, the primes-those numbers having no divisors except for themselves and 1. Almost from the moment we are introduced to prime numbers, we can ask questions about them for which the mathematical world has no answer. Just looking at a list of the prime numbers,
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