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2016, Essentials of Holocaust Education. Fundamental Issues and Approaches.
Primary documents are frequently used in history courses and in Holocaust education, often to illustrate a point or to tell part of a grand narrative of the past. Here we suggest a more dynamic approach to using primary documents – not so much as part of a narrative or in order to present a particular point of view or to convey a certain message or “lesson", but rather to suggest ways to help students inquire into the past. The aim of student interrogation of the sources is to reveal how differing narratives of the past are constructed; to deepen student understanding of the history of the Holocaust; to add nuance and complexity to their understanding; and to allow students’ own meanings to emerge out of that encounter with the past, rather than using the past to teach pre-determined “lessons”.
1997
Every November, as the world remembers the devastation of Kristallnacht, I teach the Stories of the Holocaust course. The idea of teaching the Holocaust through first person narratives of victims, perpetrators, bystanders, and rescuers took shape during a visit to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum with my father, a survivor of the Holocaust. It was in this visit that I fully realized the power of narratives as I uncovered the hidden narrative I share with my father. His inability to speak his experiences shaped my personal vision of who I am, of my father, and of the world. My father's silence kept me from fully knowing him and myself. In the absence of my father's stories, I shaped him in the image of Holocaust stereotypes. I perceived his silence in my life as the helpless weakness of the victim. Amidst the haunting images housed in the museum, my father began to tell me his escape stories. In his stories, I encountered my father the hero, and saw him as I had never seen him before, through eyes of compassion and deep admiration. This encounter with my father's heroism put me in touch with my own and I was moved to create the Stories of the Holocaust course.
This book is a collection of seventeen scholarly articles which analyze Holocaust testimonies, photographs, documents, literature and films, as well as teaching methods in Holocaust education. Most of these essays were originally presented as papers at the Millersville University Conferences on the Holocaust and Genocide from 2010 to 2012. In their articles, the contributors discuss the Holocaust in concentration camps and ghettos, as well as the Nazis’ methods of exterminating Jews. The authors analyze the reliability of photographic evidence and eyewitness testimonies about the Holocaust. The essays also describe the psychological impact of the Holocaust on survivors, witnesses and perpetrators, and upon Jewish identity in general after the Second World War. The scholars explore the problems of the memorialization of the Holocaust in the Soviet Union and the description of the Holocaust in Russian literature. Several essays are devoted to the representation of the Holocaust in film, and trace the evolution of its depiction from the early Holocaust movies of the late 1940s – early 1950s to modern Holocaust fantasy films. They also show the influence of Holocaust cinema on feature films about the Armenian Genocide. Lastly, several authors propose innovative methods of teaching the Holocaust to college students. The younger generation of students may see the Holocaust as an event of the distant past, so new teaching methods are needed to explain its significance. This collection of essays, based on new multi-disciplinary research and innovative methods of teaching, opens many unknown aspects and provides new perspectives on the Holocaust
Curriculum theory is a call to understanding. My call as a curriculum theorist is to attempt to understand work around the Holocaust. This study examines the ways in which the Holocaust gets represented in texts written by historians as well as texts written by novelists. I argue that memory is the larger category under which history is subsumed; history is the systematization of memory. Although historians draw on archives and are constrained by their discipline, nevertheless they operate out of their own memories. Psychological transference, repression, denial, projection and reversal shape historians' memories and therefore determine, to a certain extent, what gets represented in the first place. Novels around historical events are also forms of memory. Like the craft of doing history, novel writing is a kind of systematization of memory. Writers organize, select and narrate. Novel writing, however, is not reducible to memory; since writers, even if drawing on their own memories, are constrained by the narrative form. For both historians and novelists, personal memories function out of sites of psychological transference, repression, denial, projection and reversal and may therefore determine the ways in which writers construct the past. When educators attempt to grapple with competing memories and representations of the Holocaust, they might do so under what I call the sign of a dystopic curriculum. A dystopic curriculum is one that brings into awareness the ways in which transference relations with texts influence what it is that historians and novelists write about, as well as influence researchers' responses to what I call difficult memory texts such as the Holocaust. Understanding the Holocaust is therefore ambivalent and must remain open to tentative interpretations. vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 20 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. memory. Bystander countries like the United States and Britain fram e Holocaust memory differently than collaborating countries like France and Italy. Bystanders and collaborators also produce different kinds of repressed memories to cover up or cover over their indifference, inaction, apathy, or outright complicity. Place is indeed an important factor in the work of memory. In addition to Weaver's work, Gregory Wegner (1995) also emphasizes the importance of place around collective memory of the Holocaust. In the Journal of Curriculum and Supervision, in an article entitled "Buchenwald Concentration Camp and Holocaust Education for Youth in the New Germany," Wegner stresses the emotionally evocative power of doing historical work on site at the Buchenwald Memorial with high school students. Wegner tells us that, "Students arriving at Buchenwald from theWeibelfeldschule stepped into an environment heavily reinforced with the geographical significance of place. [The students stu die d]... . in a building once used as apartments for SS personnel" (p. 181). Wegner stresses that this high school history seminar was not just an intellectual exercise, but a real encounter, an emotional encounter with Germany's past.The intensity of actually being on the site at Buchenwald heightened students' sense of confrontation with the past.
Inovacije u nastavi, 2021
Even though recent decades have borne witness to an increased educational interest in teaching the Holocaust, academic stances on why the topic should be taught still vary significantly. The aim of this paper is to present teaching interventions that would help educators to navigate through one of the most important open questions in Holocaust education: the question of aims. Three Holocaust-related teaching interventions, which themselves use open questions as the basis for teaching and learning, are presented and analysed. The open questions, as the background, allow the educators to simultaneously shift between various teaching aims. The interventions addressing the question of heroes, victims and bystanders, causal analysis of the Holocaust, and the responsibility of the Allies for the escalation of the Holocaust, are arranged in such a way so as to lead students from their day-today knowledge, through historical concepts, finally ending up addressing more abstract concepts. The analysis draws on literature related to both Holocaust education and the teaching of controversial issues, and covers a range of topics; from practical to more philosophical.
The Holocaust in Contemporaneous Context, as per Yad Vashem, the United Holocaust Memorial Museum and updated research
Australian Journal of Jewish Studies, 2020
2016
An original collection of essays by Holocaust scholars, teacher educators, and classroom teachers, it covers a full range of issues relating to Holocaust education, with the goal of helping teachers to help students gain a deep and thorough understanding of why and how the Holocaust was perpetrated. Both conceptual and pragmatic, it delineates key rationales for teaching the Holocaust, provides useful historical background information for teachers, and offers a wide array of practical approaches for teaching about the Holocaust. Various chapters address teaching with fi lm and literature, incorporating the use of primary accounts into a study of the Holocaust, using technology to teach the Holocaust, and gearing the content and instructional approaches and strategies to age-appropriate audiences. A groundbreaking and highly original book, Essentials of Holocaust Education will help teachers engage students in a study of the Holocaust that is compelling, thought-provoking, and refl ective.
The International Journal of Humanities Education, 2017
Although facts about the Holocaust are generally known, many adults find it difficult to convey this information to children, as it is often considered too disturbing for them (Epstein, Andrews, Gray & Maws 2013). Teachers, in particular, need alternate ways to introduce students to the Holocaust and other disasters (Wooding & Raphael 2004; Salmons 2003). Based on a document study of children's drawings from the Terezin concentration camp, and research into the Holocaust and pedagogy for presenting difficult issues to children, this paper presents a strategy for teachers to introduce the Holocaust to students in the middle school years of Grades 6 to 10. We begin with a discussion about how to introduce sensitive historical material, such as the Holocaust, to young children. Current teaching models about the Holocaust are based on factual texts (Keith 2013) or fictional writings (Epstein, et al. 2013). This is followed by a poem, developed out of the first author's research, introducing the Holocaust while conferring facts about the life of a fictitious child in the Terezin concentration camp. Teacher notes elaborate on how to implement this poem in class. We found that art, such as poetry, can be utilised to teach children about sensitive issues like the disaster of the Holocaust. Further, this poem is written from the perspective of a child interned in Terezin, who may or may not have survived.
Teach: Journal of Christian Education, 2019
Teaching the history of the Holocaust is certainly complicated in a number of educational settings. However, in the attempt to make the Holocaust relevant we are all susceptible to glossing over key historical facts. Since we live an age of some anxiety over the future of Holocaust memory and Holocaust education, educators should teach Holocaust history without flattening it for the sake of certain outcomes. They should offer an approach that wrestles with the specificities of the Holocaust and considers contextual factors in the lives of individuals.
This article examines the ways that, in Holocaust education in Jewish schools in Melbourne and New York at the beginning of the 21st century, knowledge of the Holocaust is transferred to stu- dents in chronological form. It begins by asking: What work do chronological narratives do within the Holocaust historical nar- ratives offered within Jewish high school classrooms? In order to explore this question, examples from curricula and interviews with the teachers are explored. It is argued that while the use of chrono- logical narratives within the high-school classroom to narrate historical events is not unique to the teaching of the Holocaust, the work which this narrative form does is particular to the negotiation of the traumatic aftermath of the Holocaust.
Teaching History, 2010
In this powerfully argued article Paul Salmons focuses directly on the distinctive contribution that a historical approach to the study of the Holocaust makes to young people’s education. Not only does he question the adequacy of objectives focused on eliciting purely emotional responses; he issues a strong warning that turning to the Holocaust in search of universal moral lessons – ‘lessons’ that merely confirm what we already believe – risks serious distortion of the past. Citing widespread use of the Holocaust as a rhetorical device, Salmons’ contention is that failure to engage with its historical and highly complex reality in fact leaves young people open to manipulation and coercion from those who would use the past to push their own social or political agendas. What he offers here is not merely a justification for the Holocaust’s position as a compulsory element of the school history curriculum – but a fundamental defence of the place of history in school.
This article discusses the value of using Holocaust survivors' testimonies to educate students on the history of the Holocaust and more globally to help them develop critical thinking and citizenship related skills. We will present the Montreal Holocaust Memorial Centre (MHMC) project, Witness to History, and its use for educational purposes. In the first part of the paper we describe our oral history project, discuss the process of conducting video interviews and cataloguing the testimonies through a database and offer possibilities for sharing the testimonies with the public. In the second part we introduce some of the challenges faced by historians collecting oral history, such as the subjectivity and selectivity of a testimony, as well as how interaction in the interview situation impacts on the emerging story and to what extent they can be treated as authentic accounts of past events. Finally, we discuss some theoretical concerns related to the use of oral history in the classroom. We propose a methodology for the introduction of testimonies in history class, which promotes understanding of the different contributions of the historian and the witness to history and Holocaust education. We illustrate this methodology through presentation of one of the activities developed by the MHMC for teachers.
2018
This article will look at the use of Holocaust novels in higher education. Starting from an analysis of the appropriate educational use of literature (other than in literary studies, of course), it explores the value of novels in particular as many-voiced and as descriptive of large-scale social phenomena. Those specific qualities of novels make them particularly useful in teaching the Holocaust. The Holocaust is taught in a number of ways—across a number of disciplines—in higher education, with religious, historical, political and emotional aims, amongst others. One common approach to teaching the Holocaust uses the perspectives of victims, perpetrators and bystanders, and two novels are given as possible examples to be used to teach, respectively, about victims and perpetrators. There are opportunities and challenges in the use of Holocaust novels, including the danger of misrepresenting history and misrepresenting or misusing the novels, and the various educational, emotional, po...
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