'The War Architecture and ShivajiRaje

Indo Nordic Author's Collective, Finland,Sweden and India, 2020

Sea forts are tricky to construct and design. This paper examines the nuances of the architecture of SEA FORTS with reference to 1 of the 500 forts built by Shivaji Maharaj, the great Maratha Warrior from India -which was a Sea Fort.

Indo Nordic Authors’ Collective, 2023

'The War Architecture of Shivaji Raje

Indo Nordic Authors’ Collective, 2023

The Architecture of Raje Shivaji's fort at PANHALA

With more than 100 unique illustrations(Maps at article end) INTRODUCTION Forts and Its Features Famous for its architecture, painting, language, and literature numerous structures were constructed in different architectural styles in India. First were the forts, palaces, and gateways which were constructed for safety and protection. The second were temples, mosques, gardens, etc. for purpose of divine proximity The structures were of two kinds.

2024

This research paper gives a deep exploration of the late mediaeval forts in the Deccan region of India, focusing on the relationship of the forts with war, politics, and architectural innovation. The Deccan, is famous for its strategic significance, varied culture and diverse landscape, witnessed the construction of various forts during the period between 14 th to 17 th centuries. These forts serve as tangible testaments to the interplay between military extremity and political ambitions. These forts were the measure of a monarch's strength, they were alive and echoing to the sounds and signals of some of the great dynasties and ruthless succession battles. The study delves into the political dynamics of the Deccan Sultanates, exploring how these forts were instrumental in proclaiming sovereignty, negotiating power balance, and projecting political authority, The architecture of these forts reflects not only the military inventiveness of the time but also the cultural and artistic influences that shaped their design. Through a synthesis of historical accounts, architectural analysis and site specific case studies, selected fort Naldurga in Osmanabad district, Maharashtra. This paper demonstrates how the late medieval forts in the Deccan embody the complex nexus of war and politics, while contributing significantly to the architectural heritage of the region. Understanding this historical and architectural legacy provides valuable insights into the strategic thinking of rulers and the evolving socio-political landscape of medieval India. This research will contribute to a richer appreciation of the Deccans historical significance and the enduring impact of these forts on the political identity of the region.

Fortification have been known in India from Harappan period. In Kerala, the state which was formed in 1956 had forts in many place as names of would indicate. Based on authorship they could classified into three. The ones built by native rulers, those built by Europeans and those built by Europeans for native rulers. The native and European forts show distinct architectural features.This paper discusses the architectural features of some the native and European forts in Kerala .

Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 2015

Huge intelligent structure" was built by the Mughal Heroes in this Subcontinent. 1 It was the process to prevent and to secure a city as well as the territory from any kind of disruption and disintegration through the fortified walled profile. The strategies, approach, and positioning of those forts were governed by the contextual specification. All different forts of Mughals Empire had unusual notion of accomplishment. Fort architecture in the subcontinent was initially developed by the Mughals to protect the territory from the enemy. Later, those forts became huge and complex. The planning approach and the morphology of the fort architecture were justified according to the relative factor. The Mughal Fort is a Medieval-era building. The Mughal Fort improves the city's defensive strength and provides some culture at every turn. Building Walls is a prerequisite to settle the Mughal Fort. The Mughals were concern about environment. Mughals ruled most of the subcontinent until the mid-19th. During their rule they constructed elaborate forts across the countryside which served as administrative centers and living quarters for the occupiers. Bengal became a province of the Mughal Empire and was ruled from Delhi by the governors of Bengal (1576). 2 Bengali river fort experienced lots of local and traditional influences only for being the river fort, stating from the component, elements of forts, and formal profile as well. Undoubtedly, Bengal conceived a different kind of river oriented fort, which has distinct characters. Even in the case of this fort formation, the Mughal had some strategic planning and morphology for spread city beyond the fort wall. The objective of the research is solely to identify distinguished characteristics and context specification and to analyze the morphology of the four-river fort architecture of East Bengal (Bangladesh).

Journal of Architectural Design, 2023, 2023

In given article we will try to analyze architecture of Agra Fort and it`s evolution process. Moreover, we will try to clear up the role of Akbar in formation of Baburid architecture. Lastly, we describe how Agra Fort buildings has been created and its development over the years, also, we have given evidence supporting our points

Man and Environment, 2009

This paper attempts to understand the temporal and spatial distribution of fortifications

The Sewri And Worli Forts In Mumbai By Mr Jason Johns PhD Scholar,Teaching Assistant and Visiting Faculty for Post-Graduation Department of Ancient Indian History Culture and Archaeology St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Mumbai. Assisted by Ms. Harshali Pagare Ms. Nisha Rana Ms. Priyanka Suryaneni Students, M.A Ancient Indian Culture and Archaeology. St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Mumbai. Forts, Fortification and defence walls in India trace their antiquity to the first few millennia Before the Common Era .Terminologies used for Forts include Durga, Killa, Pura ,etc all denoting an area fortified by walls . The earliest classification of forts in the Indian context comes from the Arthashastra .The two forts of Worli and Sewri though not constructed in the ancient period , do fall into one of the ancient classification of forts:- Audaka Durga- The Water Fort- meant for the defence of the population and the area under control .Both Worli and Sewri fall in the Late Medieval – Colonial Phase i.e the 17th Century , located on opposite directions on the coast of Mumbai as strategic viewpoints for defence. Initially, the island of Parel ,Worli along with the other islands that constituted the colony of Bombay, belonged to the Portuguese. These were given to the British as dowry to Charles II of England by the Portuguese on his marriage to Catherine of Braganza. As the area turned out to be crucial port in trade routes, the British moved their business from Surat to Bombay and thus constructed forts for defence and promotion of their commercial endeavours.The following paper will deal with material technology of the two forts, their structure, historical significance,current state of preservation and usage. Worli Fort:It is located in the erstwhile Worli Island and built on Worli Hill. Some scholars say it was built by Portugese and others say it was built by British around 1675. Cruising northwards along the west coast of the island of Bombay from the main fort, the first vantage point was Worli. The location of the Worli Island was such that it was most vulnerable to attacks from pirates and invaders entering Bombay by way of Gujarat, as well as from Europe, Africa and Asia. The fort is built on a steep promontory jutting out into the sea. It is rather long, with no regular form, and is built on rock stones laid upon one another without any mortar or chunam to cement them together. Being surrounded by land on three sides and the Mahim bay on the fourth, it commanded great strategic importance. From the pinnacle, one gets a good view of the Arabian Sea that was frequented by traders, invaders and interpolers. This was used as a vantage point to keep guard and send out warning signals from danger of invasion During low tide, one could access Mahim fort through an isthmus – like connection with Worli fort. For security reasons, this passage was first spiked and then blocked during the British times. Due to high crime rates and the practice o the intruders to enter from sea, the fort was heavily guarded. There was also a standing army of Rajput soldiers. It is provided with a canon and armed with 7 to 8 guns and manned with an ensign and 25 soldiers. The guards had to be ever vigilant due to high risk of attack and follow strict protocol. Even to this day, the fort is used to send out signals and is a base of Indian navy. It is important for naval defense. The Worli town, located at the base of the fort, is inhabited by simple and poor Kolis whose ancestors lived in palm-thatched houses. Presently, encroachment of slum settlements around the fort can be witnessed by the locals. It needs more attention and restoration, conservation efforts are required. Despite an NGO adopting the area, there is not much improvement in the aid situation. The Sewri Fort: It was built in 1680 by the British, served as a defence post upon the land jutting out on the eastern shoreline of the island of Parel. When the British took over, their enemies (for instance, the Mughals and the Siddis), often attacked the area, which prompted the British to build forts to defend this trade centre. Thus, the forts serves less of an aesthetic purpose, and more of just defence, wherein its actually served the purpose if a watch tower earlier. The Fort is built on a small quarried hill in basalt, with land surrounding it on three sides, and mangroves on the fourth. After losing its importance as a defence stronghold, because of the increase in the British power in the country leading to weaker enemies, the fort began to be used as prison by the British. The structure was attacked by a Mughal chieftain Yakut Khan in 1689 and was renovated in the 1700s.Ultimately, the structure changed ownership and was transferred to the Bombay Port Trust, where it was used as a godown facility. Today, although the fort has been recognised as a structure of historical importance, by declaring it as a Grade 1 Heritage Site, the condition it remains in is poor. However, recent plans revealed by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) aim at revamping the facility by “restoring and illuminating” it along with the assistance of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). The only remarkable features inside are the pentagonal rooms and corridors and the vaults. It is now a conserved location and is under renovation.