Eşik: Olgular ve İmgeler Bağlamında Bir Mekan Analizi

Journal of contemporary medicine, 2015

ÖZET İrkilme (startle) ani, beklenmeyen bir uyarıya verilen stereotipik bir yanıttır. Sıklıkla işitsel uyaranlar ile tetiklense de, dokunsal, görsel veya vestibüler uyaranlarla da başlayabilir. Burada; biriherediter,dördü semptomatik (iki ataksi, bir distoni ve bir inme olgusu), ikisi psikojen, biri de startle epilepsisi tanısı alan toplam dokuz ayrı olgunun klinik bilgileri detaylı olarak sunulmuştur. Herediter olguda semptomlar ergenlikle birlikte, semptomatik olgularda ise birincil nörodejeneratif süreçle birlikte başlamıştır. Sadece herediter olguda artmış irkilme açısından pozitif aile öyküsü mevcuttu. Olguların yedisinde klonazepam kullanımı ile semptomlar baskılanmıştır. Artmış irkilme reaksiyonu,günlük pratikte her zaman sorgulanmayan,tanı konulduğunda ise hastaların yaşam kalitelerini arttırıcı çözümlere kolayca ulaşabileceğimiz nadir bir tablodur.

Uluslararası Halkbilimi Araştırmaları Dergisi, S. 6, 2021.

Turkiye Klinikleri Pediatri Dergisi, 2009

2022

Empty Space: A Critical Space of Possibilities The study, based on the argument that tactical interventions in urban space need some kind of ‘emptiness’, focuses on emptiness as a spatial quality. By examining the activities, communities, and spatial practices that take place in relation to ‘empty spaces’, the study aims to reveal the capacities of the empty space. The concept of emptiness expresses a physical or non-physical deficiency, an unknown, an undefined situation, uncertainty, or openness. Contrary to its connotation, the term is full of definitions, discussions, and meanings. In the field of architecture, it is seen that the interpretations of space also differ in time in parallel with the understanding of emptiness. Today, authorities associate empty space with definitions such as undesigned, unplanned, undefined, abandoned, and leftover space. Based on these definitions, empty space is accepted as a passive space waiting to be filled. Contrary to this approach, within the scope of the research, empty space is seen as a field of possibilities in which the rules are temporarily suspended within the defined spatial setup, and spatial relations are constantly reproduced. Empty spaces are spaces where community-oriented processes, bottom-up design processes, small-scale temporary interventions, alternative economic relations, and other understandings of publicity can emerge. The title 'Empty Space: A Critical Space of Possibilities' emphasizes the contradictory situation of empty space. While 'empty space' is used as a spatial condition defined by the authority, 'a critical space of possibilities' corresponds to the concept of empty space full of capacities developed within the scope of this thesis. The study is based on a three-layered literature research. In the second chapter, emptiness as an interdisciplinary concept and its counterpart in architecture; in the third chapter, critical positions in the field of architecture; and in the fourth chapter, assemblage thinking are discussed. The concept of emptiness is associated with a kind of lack. Various definitions of emptiness can be made on the basis of lack of knowledge, substance, meaning, authority, etc. Widespread definitions of emptiness are used to express or emphasize either a negative or a positive situation. In the fields of art, emptiness oscillates between destructiveness and creativity and, in some cases, is positioned to correspond to both. It can be said that the concept of emptiness, which can be interpreted as a destructive tool, also has creative potential in terms of the possibility of going beyond the accepted approaches and looking from the outside. The emptiness that moves between destructiveness - creativity, potential - threat, and defined in a positive or negative way, somehow opens the current situation to question and brings up other possibilities. In relation to space, emptiness in the most general sense, is defined as the movement area of beings. In today's cities, with the adoption of holistic urban design approach of modernist thought, unplanned or unused spaces are associated with emptiness xxiv The designed spaces that have lost their function or the spaces where a design authority has not yet been established, undermine the defined area of the discipline of architecture due to these uncertainties. For this reason, some interpret these spaces as a kind of temporary emptiness that needs to be defined and eliminated. On the other hand, according to other approaches, these gaps are considered as potential in terms of providing flexibility and design areas where new spatial practices can take place in rigid urban spaces. However, the realization of this potential depends on the position of the relevant practice. Spatial practices constructed with the normative tools of the discipline tend to solidify the capacities of the ‘empty space’ at one point and eliminate the potentials. From this point of view, empty space is seen as a passive space waiting to be activated and to reveal its potential as a result of the practices of the discipline of architecture. However, the ‘empty space’ due to its ambiguous situation where borders and definitions are weakened, is a dynamic structure where actors constantly interact, and potentials are realized. In this respect, the empty space, which has the potential to constitute a space for the development of a community or for the ones excluded from the urban space to continue their existence, offers a space where ‘other ways’ of spatial practices can be produced. This study, which focuses on bottom-up practices that stand against the practices of architecture and planning disciplines, aims to reveal the critical potential of ‘empty space’ through these practices. In the third chapter, an overview of the empty space is developed through critical spatial practices based on the tradition of critical theory and its reflections in the field of architecture. The critical theory, rather than producing analysis or discourse, aims to take action and initiate a change towards making the existing social order more equal, free and humane. Within the framework of these concerns, which were also reflected in the field of architecture in the same period, a multidimensional relationship was established between the discipline of architecture and criticism. The approaches of criticism, which have been defined through different positions over time, have recently focused on the autonomy of the discipline, the position attributed to the architect, and the acceptance of architecture as a purely constructive field of activity. Current critical approaches point to the gap between theory and practice and open up the critical practice to discussion. By sharing these concerns, the study argues that critical spatial practices exist in spaces characterized as empty, where the boundaries of the discipline are dissolved, space production is open to the participation of actors other than architects, and is not limited to construction activities. In the fourth chapter, assemblage thinking is used as a multiple evaluation method in the study, which deals with the empty space as a multiplicity in formation. Assemblage thinking which has been frequently used in urban space research in recent years, provides a two-dimensional contribution to this research. First, it reveals an understanding of space that will correspond to all the concerns of critical spatial practices through assemblage thinking. Assemblage thinking presents a space approach that is formed by the coming together of human, non-human, physical, and non-physical actors. This approach sees the space as a network of relations between actors, actions, and discourses, but it also considers possible relationships. The analysis of space from the point of view of assemblage thinking requires taking into account the capacities as well as the qualities it has. The second is that assemblage thinking presents a method that aims to reveal the possible relationships that occur behind it, rather than describing the situations. At the end of the fourth chapter, a mapping method has been designed to reveal the relationship between empty space and critical spatial practices with the view of assemblage thought. The components xxv that make up the multiplicity, namely the practices of establishing space, the constituent actors and the actual activities (networks), and the qualities and capacities of these relations, forms of establishment, and temporalities constitute the layers of mapping. By compiling examples of spatial practices of empty spaces developed in 'other ways', the research proposes a reading in order to discuss the impact of empty space on the development of these practices and their possible critical positions. Empty space, which implicitly contains the normative field of the architectural discipline and its capacity to transform the existing social order, can only be realized when it involves interactions. Considering that the empty space is spread over a wide area in terms of criteria such as related practices, actors, scale, and temporality, it was preferred to focus on relatively long-term practices in which complex community relations emerged and developed. Among the examples in which relatively long-term systematic relations were established, 13 examples were examined in the first stage, and then four of them were chosen for mapping. Within the scope of the study, El Campo de Cebada from Madrid, Kraftwerk Bille from Hamburg, Forte Prenestino from Rome and Prinzessinnengarten from Berlin are mapped in terms of the qualities and capacities of the actors, practices, and activities and their temporality.

2019

Suc olgusu bircok farkli disiplin tarafindan ele alinan cok boyutlu bir kavramdir. Literaturde ozellikle kent ile ilgili calismalarda, kentsel mekanda kullanicilarin birbirleriyle (sosyal cevre) ve cevresiyle (fiziksel cevre) olan iliskilerinin mekandaki guvenlik ve suc ile dogrudan iliskili oldugu gorulmustur. Gunumuzde kentler, ozellikle toplumun siklikla kullandigi kent merkezleri giderek “suc” veya “guvensizlik” kavramlari ile anilmaktadir. Cunku kent merkezi gibi toplumun siklikla kullandigi alanlar ve cok fazla kalabalik mekanlar ile suc olaylari arasinda iliski bulunmaktadir. Kentsel mekan ve suc olgusu birbiri ile iliskili oldugundan mekanin suca neden olan etmenlerinin algisal tespiti problemin onemli olcude belirlenmesine sebep olmaktadir. Bu noktadan hareketle bu makale tum kentlinin kullandigi Van kent merkezi ozelinde, suc istatistikleri (2017 yili) ve 400 (2018 yili) kullanici (kentli) ile gerceklestirilen anketlerden elde edilen veriler cercevesinde olusturulmustur. K...

Bu çalışmanın amacı, bütünleşme kavramının uluslararası ilişkiler disiplini çalışmaları içerisinde ulusal ve uluslararası düzey ayrımı yapılmadan kullanımında ortaya çıkan analiz düzeyi meselesini tartışmaktır. Bu doğrultuda bü-tünleşme kavramının söz konusu disiplin içerisinde ele alınış biçimleri masaya yatırılarak, işlevsel bir şekilde tanımlanabilmesi için bu ayrımlar arasındaki sınırlar çizilecektir. Makalede toplumsal yaşamın farklı katmanlarını kapsa-yan karmaşık bir süreç olarak bütünleşme olgusunun ulusal ve uluslararası olmak üzere iki düzeyde analiz edilmesiyle tanım ve analiz düzeyi sorunları-nın aşılabileceği iddia edilmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Bütünleşme, Analiz Düzeyi, Ulusal Bütünleşme, Uluslararası Bütünleşme. Analysis Level Of Integration Phenomenon The purpose of this study is to discuss the level of analysis problem emerging from use of the concept of integration within the International Relations discipline without distinction between national and international levels. Accordingly , it will discuss the ways by which the concept of integration is handled in the discipline, drawing the lines between these distinctions to come up with a functional definition. The paper will argue that, with regards to the concept of integration, a complex process incorporating various layers of the societal life, the problems of definition and level of analysis will be overcome through a two-level analysis, i.e. national and international.

Journal of Turkish Studies, 2015

Bu çalışmada, Eşek adlı öyküsü ele alınan M. Şevket Esendal, Türk edebiyatında 'durum öyküsü' olarak adlandırılan türün ilk temsilcisidir. Rus yazar A. Chekhov'a dayanan durum öyküsü bir olayı değil, günlük yaşamın herhangi bir kesitini ele alan; serim, düğüm, çözüm düzenine uyulmayan, merak ve heyecandan çok duygu ve hayallere yer veren öykülerdir. Esendal'ın eserleri günlük yaşamın, küçük insanların mücadelelerinin yansımalarıdır. Karakterleri düz, sıradan, küçük sorunları için endişelenen hayatın içinden insanlardır. İçinde yaşadığı hayatı gerçekçi bir şekilde gözlemesi, yazarın durum öykülerini oluşturmasındaki temel bakış açısı ve hareket noktasıdır. Bir başka deyişle yazar, dış dünyayı kendi gerçekliği içinde, 'mimesis'e bağlı oluşturma biçiminin sunduğu olanak ve sınırlara bağlı kalarak öykülerine yansıtır. Genelde metne, özelde yazınsal metne ve bu metinlerin ortaya koyduğu anlam çerçevelerine çeşitli çözümleme yöntemleriyle ulaşılabileceği bir gerçektir. Metin çözümlemesi, kuramsal bir temele dayanan uygulamalı bir etkinliktir. Temel kuramsal yaklaşımlardan biri olan metindilbilim, metinlerin dilbilgisel ve içeriksel olarak nasıl kurgulandıklarını belirler, bildirişimsel işlevlerini tespit eder ve bunları uygulamalı örneklerle gösterir. Bu araştırmada, Mustafa'nın eşeğini kaybetmesi ve tekrar bulmasının konu edildiği Eşek adlı öykü, metinsellik ölçütlerinden 'bağlaşıklık' ve 'bağdaşıklık' görünümleri açısından incelenmiş, metinin kurgulanış biçimi, dil kullanımları, motif ve izlek üzerinde durularak bir takım genellemelerde bulunulmuştur. Bağlaşıklık, metnin yüzey yapısıyla ilgili bir kavram olarak değerlendirilirken bağdaşıklık, metnin derin yapısının irdelendiği bir kavram olarak ele alınmıştır.

Journal of Turkish Studies, 2018

In this article the circumstances that govern the attachment of case suffixes to verbs in Uzbek are examined. The conditions under which the case suffixes attach to the verbs are studied. Case suffixes have a much more important position than the other suffixes because they provide all kinds of functions between names and verbs. The case endings, which include names and noun words; are important grammatical categories that allows names and phrases to be associated with various tasks and functions. The case category between verb and noun requires a harmony from the perspective of single-plural, possessive, subject and time. Otherwise, the relationship between two elements will be weak or ambiguous. In other words, the element which will be connected to the verb must have certain conditions and specialties. We are going to name the condition and specialty which require verbs to be connected to themselves from the perspective case category valence. The case suffixes can bind a noun to a noun, a noun to a preposition; but we will dwell on the suffixes that link a name to another name. More precisely, we will classify them under several heading by showing which the case suffixes the verbs demand from the nouns that connect to them in Uzbek. In the Uzbek Turkic grammar, the case suffixes have been reviewed under ten chapters which include accusative, locative, dative, ablative, instrumental, equative, limitative and directive. Even though there are ten case categories which have been mentioned, genitive case, relating only between nouns, is not included in our study. In this article, nominative case is also disregarded to keep the focus clear. Verbs which have case suffixes are named valence and other verbs which do not have case suffixes are not named unvalence.

DergiPark (Istanbul University), 2011

Çal›flmam›z›n amac›, inme sonras› klini¤imize baflvuran hastalar›n demografik özelliklerini ve fonksiyonel durumlar›n› belirlemek ve fonksiyonel durumlar›n› etkileyebilecek faktörleri de¤erlendirmekti. Gereç ve yöntem: ‹nme birimimize baflvuran 193 inmeli hastan›n demografik özellikleri, inme etyolojileri, inme risk faktörleri ve fonksiyonel durumlar› de¤erlendirildi. Fonksiyonel durum ölçütleri olarak, Barthel ‹ndeksi (B‹) ve Fonksiyonel Ba¤›ms›zl›k Ölçütü (FBÖ) kullan›ld›. Ortalama ve standart deviasyonlar›n kar-fl›laflt›r›lmas›nda "Student's t test" ve "ANOVA", korelasyon de¤erlendirmeleri için "Pearson korelasyon analizi" yöntemleri uyguland›. Bulgular: ‹nme birimimize baflvuran hastalar›n yafl ortalamalar› 61,43 ± 12,72 y›l olup, kad›n ve erkek grup-lar›nda yafl ortalamalar›, hemisfer tutulumu, inme etyolojileri aç›s›ndan fark belirlenmemifltir (p>0,05). Ol-gular›n %53,9'unda, erkeklerin %54,7'si ve kad›nlar›n %53,12'sinde dominant hemisfer hasar› saptan›rken, tüm olgular›n %66,3'ünde iskemik etyoloji saptand›. Kad›n ve erkeklerde inme etyolojisi aç›s›ndan farkl›l›k yoktu (p>0,05). ‹nmeli olgularda en s›k görülen komorbid hastal›k hipertansiyon (%72) olup, bunu kardiyovasküler hastal›klar, diabet ve geçirilmifl iskemik atak izliyordu. FBÖ alt gruplar›ndan kendine bak›m, transfer, hareket, tekerlekli iskemle kullan›m›, toplam FBÖ skoru ve B‹ skor ortalamalar› kad›nlarda erkeklere k›yasla istatistiksel olarak anlaml› düzeyde daha düflüktü (p<0,05). FBÖ alt gruplar›ndan sfinkter kontrolü, transfer, hareket, sosyal durum, FBÖ toplam skor ve B‹ skor ortalamalar› dominant hemisfer lezyonu olanlarda dominant hemisfer lezyonu olmayanlara göre istatistiksel olarak anlaml› düzeyde düflüktü (p<0,05). Toplam FBÖ skor ve B‹ skor ortalama de¤erleri inmeden sonraki 7. aydan sonra ilk 3 ay de¤erlerine k›yasla istatistiksel olarak anlaml› olarak daha yüksekti (FBÖ için p<0,05; B‹ için p= 0,001). E¤itim düzeyi, meslek, inme etyolojilerine göre toplam FBÖ, FBÖ alt grup ve B‹ skor ortalamalar›nda istatistiksel düzeyde an-laml› farkl›l›k yoktu (p>0,05). Çal›flmam›zda olgular›m›z›n yafl ile toplam FBÖ skorlar› aras›nda negatif korelasyon bulunmaktayd› (r= 0,281, p<0,01). Klini¤imizde yat›r›larak rehabilite edilen olgularda yat›fl günü bafl›na FBÖ kazanc› 0,32 ± 0,62 olup; yat›fl süresi ile toplam FBÖ, B‹ ve FBÖ kazanc› aras›nda anlaml› bir iliflki bulunmam›flt›r (p>0,05). Sonuç: Kad›n ve erkeklerde inme etyolojisi aç›s›ndan farkl›l›k olmay›p, inmeli olgular›m›zda en s›k görülen komorbid hastal›k hipertansiyondur; bu da inmeli hastalarda risk faktörlerinin modifikasyonunun önemini göstermektedir. ‹nme etyolojisi ve tutulan taraf fark› olmaks›z›n, tüm hastalar›m›z çeflitli düzeylerde fonksiyonel ba¤›ml›l›k göstermekte, dominant hemisfer lezyonu olan hastalar, dominant hemisfer lezyonu olmayan hastalardan, fonksiyonelli¤in çeflitli yönleri ve ba¤›ms›zl›k aç›s›ndan daha olumsuz etkilenmektedirler. Toplam FIM skorlar›n›n yafl ile ters iliflkili bulunmufl olmas›, inmeli hastalarda fonksiyonel ba¤›ml›l›¤›n ilerleyen yaflla artt›¤›n› göstermektedir. Erken dönemde motor, sonraki aylarda fonksiyonel iyileflmeyle devam eden kazançlar›n rehabilitasyon programlar› ile desteklenmesi uygundur.