THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE / Sultan, Society and Economy / HALİL İNALCIK

The Ottoman Empire: A History, 2022

The Ottoman Empire was the last of the great empires that had dominated the Middle East and Mediterranean since the dawn of the history of civilisation. The Ottoman Empire began around 1300 as a late-medieval entity, and it transformed several times over its six centuries of existence as it adapted to the conditions of the early modern and modern periods, until its ultimate demise at the end of the First World War. The Ottoman Empire: A History surveys six hundred years of Ottoman history in a single, concise volume. This book covers the major political, diplomatic, and military events and social, economic, financial, administrative, and legal institutions of the Ottoman Empire from the early fourteenth to the early twentieth century. It also explores the political-administrative and socio-economic transformations the empire has undergone over the centuries. The book frames Ottoman institutional history in terms of the concept of the Circle of Justice in the Middle Eastern state tradition. In the conclusion, Çetinsaya discusses three key questions and offers some answers to them: What is the relative place of the Ottoman Empire in world history vis-à-vis that of other empires? What factors account for the great longevity of the Ottoman Empire? And how to deal with the controversial legacy of the empire in its successor states? In addition to a series of box texts and tables on various subjects throughout the book, a basic timeline of key dates and events is offered at the beginning of every chapter, and a list of suggested readings at the end.

The Sixteenth Century Journal, 2003

List of illustrations page ix List of maps xii Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvi Note on usage xix Chronological table of events xx The Ottoman House through 1687 xxiii 1 Introduction. Ottomancentrism and the West 1 Part 1. State and society in the Ottoman world Kubad's formative years 23 2 Fabricating the Ottoman state 27 Kubad in Istanbul 55 3 A seasoned polity 59 Kubad at the Sublime Porte 93 4 Factionalism and insurrection 98 Part 2. The Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean and European worlds Kubad in Venice 131 5 The Ottoman-Venetian association 137 Kubad between worlds 165 6 Commerce and diasporas 169 Kubad ransomed 189 vii viii List of Contents 7 A changing station in Europe 8 Conclusion. The Greater Western World Glossary Suggestions for further reading Index Maps 1 The Ottoman Empire as part of Europe. page 2 Turkoman principalities, c. 1320. 3 Istanbul. 4 The Ottoman Empire under Süleyman the Magnificent with modern states. 5 Ottoman Europe. 6 Sixteenth-century empires. 7 The Eastern Mediterranean and the Ottomans.

A BRIEF CHRONICLE OF THE OTTOMANS , 2019

This monograph reviews the notable experiences of the Ottoman Empire from its birth to its death. The selection of topics is intended to address important Roman-flueves in the Ottoman chronicle.

Journal of Islamic Studies, 2009

4 0 4 T H E H I S T O R I A N 4 0 5 B O O K R E V I E W S of a constructive model for the ideal Islamic democracy of the twenty-first century.

2017

This is the introductory section of my book-length annotated translation and study of the so-called Oxford Anonymous Chronicle (Bodleian Marsh 313), one of the earliest comprehensive Ottoman histories compiled in the late fifteenth century (ca 1484). My book has been reviewed in several major journals, and is now available as a paperback ($45). It is one of the few full-length translations available of an Ottoman source into English. The compiler was an educated member of the Ottoman court (most probably the chancery), whose name has not survived because the title page is missing. This work is not to be confused with the unrelated, also anonymous 'Chronicles of the House of Osman' published by Giese, studied by Yerasimos and other scholars.

The Sixteenth century journal, 2004

Ottoman histories-better put: histories of the Ottoman state-have some right to be regarded in a pseudo-Braudelian sense as une historiographie du longue durée. Richard Knolles's massive folio, Generall Historie of the Turkes, came out in 1603, a scant half-century before the cutoff point of this latest offering on the subject by Colin Imber (by 'the Turkes' Knolles meant, of course, the Ottoman state, also long known as the Turkish Empire). More than two centuries later, a more relevant founding father for the field is found in the Austrian civil servant, dragoman and orientalist Joseph von Hammer, who published in ten cumbersome volumes a history of the Ottoman Empire from its origins to the conclusion the treaty of Küçük Kaynarja in 1774, a point in history which marks if not the end, then at least the beginning of the end of the Ottoman ancien régime.(1) Hammer's Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches, dedicated to the archpriest of conservative reaction, the Russian tsar Nicholas I, had its successors; at least in the German-speaking world of central European scholarship, there was the seven volume work by J. W. Zinkeisen in the mid-century, and five volumes from the Rumanian polyhistorian Nicolae Iorga fifty years later, both with near-identical titles.(2) But the best that English scholarship could offer at this time was a potted one-volume abridgement of Hammer put together by an Old Etonian High Court judge (and later Chief Justice in Ceylon), Sir Edward Creasy. Not unsurprisingly, the first edition appeared contemporaneously with the Crimean war, the second with the Russo-Turkish war.(3) It is worth pointing out that some very real British skills in Turkish studies in the Victorian era lay in the fields of literary criticism and lexicography: Sir James Redhouse's extensive Ottoman-English dictionary first appeared in 1891 and is still in print; E. J. W. Gibb's history of Turkish poetry-six volumes, all, except volume one, brought out posthumously by E. G. Browne-appeared between 1900 and 1909 (Gibb had died prematurely in 1901). Neither work has been in any real way superseded.

A Review of the Ottoman World

The Ottoman Empire was the one of the largest and longest lasting empires in history. It was an empire inspired and sustained by Islam and Islamic institutions. Over time it replaced the Byzantine Empire as the major power in the Eastern Mediterranean. Ottoman culture in its inception was a synthesis of many cultures. The Ottomans relied upon traditions from their central-Asian past, but also embraced traditions from Persia (political and financial) and Arabia (spiritual) and fused these legacies with adopted Byzantine traditions. It has been observed that the Ottomans almost indiscriminately snatched from the venerable domains that enveloped them the most useful doctrines, weapons, and political formations. The Ottoman Empire from its inception under Osman (c. 1299) to its ultimate demise following the Armistice of Mudros (October 1918) - a period of 619 years - represents a remarkable story of the Turkic peoples and of a family which remained at the helm of state for its duration. A Review of the Ottoman World (ISBN 978-0-9823324-2-9) exults in this remarkable history. It is not, nor was it intended to be, a history of the empire in the classical tradition. Rather it is an examination of those features of the empire which are unique. It pauses to relish the successes and dismay the failures.

2014

There have been a number of publications and conferences recently which methodologically deal with the frontiers, encounters and interchange between different units within the Ottoman Empire throughout the long history of Ottoman times. 1 The present twovolume work is an end product of the 15 th Symposium of the Comité International d’Études Pré-Ottomanes et Ottomanes, held in London from 8 July to 12 July, 2002. It contains a selection of the presented papers: thirty three papers which seek to extend the frontiers of Ottoman studies either with new methodological approaches or by “reading” new historical sources and materials for the sake of Ottoman studies. These articles are arranged into four chapters per volume.

2020

Journal of The Economic and Social History of The Orient, 2009

Th roughout the Islamic world those claiming descent from the Prophet Muhammad (T. seyyid/şerif, pl. sadat/eşraf) were (and are) accorded a special status. Th is article shows that the process of teseyyüd ("seyyidization") not only took place through offi cial awards, but also through appropriation. In the Ottoman Empire registers thus began to be kept of offi cially recognized sadat. Th e examination of these, largely un(der)studied, sources argues that the state sometimes employed its capacity to seyyidize for (cultural) political purposes. Th e article also sheds valuable light on Ottoman policies vis-à-vis tribalism and nomadism. Dans le monde islamique entier un statut spécial était (et est) accordé à tous ceux qui revendiquent descendance du Prophète Mahomet (T. seyyid/şerif, pl. sadat/eşraf). Dans cet article on explique que le processus de tessyyüd ('seyyidisation') se passait non seulement par attribution offi cielle, mais aussi par appropriation. Dans l'Empire ottoman on a commencé ainsi à tenir des registres de sadat offi ciellement reconnu. L'examen de ces sources largement sous-étudiées démontre que l'État parfois usait de son autorité de 'seyyediser' pour des fi ns politiques (culturelles). Cet article jette en même temps une lumière de grande valeur sur la politique ottomane quant au tribalisme et au nomadisme.

Our departure point in this paper is to reveal the transformation of the Ottoman Empire after shocking debacles of the empire against its formidable enemies following the second siege of Vienna in 1683. Ottoman attempts first to restore lost territories and then to maintain the integrity of the empire against further assaults compelled the empire to change its socioeconomic and political structure as well as its traditional (kadim) relationship with Ottoman subjects once and for all. As a result of this transition of the state structure, which brought about a so-called “redistribution of power” in the empire, new Ottoman elites (first Muslim and then non-Muslim) emerged in the course of the first half of the eighteenth century. These new notables not only became more and more concerned about state affairs and the possible benefits to which they saw themselves as being entitled, but also developed enormous power in order to achieve their ambitious goals at the expense of the traditional system. Most important of all, however, they constituted the main actors who played a significant role in remapping the early modern Ottoman history. Having taken into the consideration conditions and circumstances which led to the appearance of new Ottoman elites across the empire from the end of the seventeenth century till the 1750s, we will be more able to examine the place and importance of these new Ottoman leading figures in shaping and affecting the future of the empire for better or for worse. In particular, this paper would open the way for future investigations and discoveries by leading us to gain a better insight into the world of Ottoman ayan (Muslim provincial magnates) and kocabaşıs (non-Muslim administrative leaders) in the establishment of national and independent states as well as semi- or fully autonomous provinces at the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century.