How to invest migrants' human capital and competency skills

Advanced Series in Management, 2020

In 2015, Europe faced an unprecedented inflow of refugees and migrants. Political instability at the continent's peripheries contributed to an accumulative exodus. This resulted in large immigration waves fleeing mainly from Syria, Afghanistan and Iraq as well as from other North African countries. Europe was confronted with an increasing number of asylum applications and had to accommodate over a million people (Clayton, 2015). The crisis in Europe has been framed both as a migration crisis and as a crisis within the European Union (EU). The Dublin Regulation, of 2013, requires only one Member state to process the asylum applications. During the pressing period of 2015, the notion of responsibility sharing resulted in heated debates between South and Central and Eastern European states. Several countries like Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary expressed openly antimigrant opinions, which resulted in even more confusion and mismanagement of the migration crisis in the EU. Analyzing the crisis from the macro, meso and micro level, it was evident that the crisis was multifaceted.

SASE's 34th Annual Conference “Fractious Connections: Anarchy, Activism, Coordination, and Control” 9-11 July 2022 University of AmsterdamG-24 - Migrant Labour Markets, 2022

According to the United Nations (2021): the number of international migrants in the world was (281 million in 2020, 258 million in 2017, 248 million in 2015; 220 million in 2010;191 million in 2005 and 173 million in 2000). These migrants are distributed: “86.7 million in Europe, 85.6 million in Asia, 58.7 million in North America, 25.4 million in Africa, 14.8 million in Latin America, 9.4 million in Oceania”; and by Age 73% in Working Age (20-64 years old), 15% under 20 years old, 12% over 65 years old”.(https://migrationdataportal.org).Migration is influenced by a combination of multiple factors, either in the country of origin (causes of departure) or in the country of destination (pull factors). Historically, the Union's relative economic prosperity and political stability appear to have had a significant pulling effect on immigrants. In destination countries, international migration can be an instrument to address some labour market shortages. Data on the acquisition of nationality are also important in explaining the evolution of the number of migrants in a country and their development. (Eurostat (2019). The Competencies of migrants, including refugees, could play a favourable role in the social world-economic and cultural diversity in Europe. (European Commission (2017). The purpose of this research is to study and analyse the integration of migrants in Europe, it considers the statistical treatment of available data, analysis the professional situation of migrants to match them with the needs expressed by the professional sectors, and the labour market, and then investing the existing human capital of migrants as a sign of diversity and contributing to the development of the country. The proposed practical model will serve to apply a competencies plan which will reveal the profiles of the competency’s blocks (K = Knowledge, KH= know-How, E = experiences, WB = Well-Being) of migrants as well as of the demand’s competencies from the labour market.

The European migrant crisis[n 1] or European refugee crisis[n 2] arose through the rising number of refugees and migrants[10] coming to the European Union, across the Mediterranean Sea or through Southeast Europe, and applying for asylum. They come from areas such as the Middle East (Syria, Iraq), Africa (Eritrea, Nigeria, Somalia, Sudan, Gambia), South Asia (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh),[11][12] and the Western Balkans (Kosovo, Albania).[13] According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, as of October 2015, the top three nationalities of the over half a million Mediterranean Sea arrivals since the beginning of the year are Syrian (53%), Afghan (16%) and Eritrean (6%). Most of the refugees and migrants are adult men (65%).[14] The phrases "European migrant crisis" and "European refugee crisis" became widely used in April 2015,[15] when five boats carrying almost two thousand migrants to Europe sank in the Mediterranean Sea, with a combined death toll estimated at more than 1,200 people.

The paper deals with the impact of the asylum applicants on the EU28. It points out the dimension of the phenomenon under a global approach. The comparative analysis of the different geographical asylum flows is followed by an analysis of the possibilities of the asylum applicants to integrate in the European society and on the European labour market. The analysis covers different asylum flows from: non-EU countries, Asia, America, Australia and Oceania. A distinct analysis is focused on the ex-Russian Union countries and on Arabian countries. The dynamic analysis of the data is followed by an approach regarding cultural, social and religious aspects of the asylum applicants. The paper uses the latest official statistic data. The main conclusion of the analysis is that the costs of the asylum phenomenon are greatest than the benefits for the EU, but the humanitarian approach is impossible to be eliminate.

Proceedings 2018

Migrations are often associated with improving the educational and qualification structure of the population, increasing its cultural level, but also with the increase in its needs and the expansion of the domestic and foreign markets. On the other hand, migrations also have contradictory consequences-loss of working time, loss of leisure time, reduction of population and deterioration of its structure, excessive concentration of population, "forced" urbanization and a number of others. Migration is a complex demographic and socioeconomic process that is related to the development of productive forces and relations, the reproduction of the population and its territorial distribution. Migration for work is perhaps the most common type of migration for the EU. Migration is a global problem that will remain in the future. Coping with the increasing migratory flows of people is one of the main problems at the beginning of the 21st century. In view of the importance of international migration for the dynamics of the population in Europe, it is of great importance to explore the factors that determine it. Such knowledge would contribute to making more accurate forecasts on migration, which in turn will also help to better predict the population. Different types of migration will leave a different impression on the overall appearance of parts of Europe that changes over time.

2001

Net migration into the EU has been substantial over the past decade: After peaking at over 1 million per year in the early 1990's, net migration to the EU declined over the past decade but is now rising again, and was over 700,000 in 1999. The net legal immigration rate for the EU, 1990-98, was 2.2 per 1000 inhabitants, compared with 3 for the US and almost 0 for Japan. Illegal immigration is estimated to be 60% higher in Europe, at about 500,000 per annum, than in the US. The population of the EU is 34% larger than that of the US. Refugees seeking asylum in the EU between 1989 and 1998 have also exceeded an average of 350,000 per annum, with over 20% being granted entry. As a result of substantial net migration flows, the stock of foreign born in the population of a typical EU country has steadily increased -particularly in Germanywhere the stock of foreign population grew by about 3 million to 7.3 million between 1985 and 1999. The percentage of the population with foreign nationality in EU countries is 8.9% in Germany, 9.1% in Austria, 8.7% in Belgium, 6.3% in France, 2.

Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Education Science and Social Development (ESSD 2019), 2019

This article, we presented the results of the analysis of donor and recipient countries on the balance of migration movements for the period from 2006 to 2017. As a result, we identified 23 countries that are most attractive to migrants, of which the largest number migrants are: Germany,

2016

The paper examines the labour market outcomes of refugees in Europe. It finds that refugees do catch up with the native born population but it takes them up to 20 years to do so. Education levels and host country language knowledge improve significantly the employment outcomes of refugees. Bringing refugee women into employment is a particular challenge.

2019

This policy brief presents some preliminary findings of a recent research regarding the economic impact of legal immigration in terms of growth and unemployment in a large panel of European countries. It sheds some light on a useful and interesting question for policy debate by explicitly distinguishing refugee and economic category immigrants. Our research reveals a non-negative effect of immigration on per capita growth and on employment. The results allow to consider particular implications for the collaboration of EU countries on the immigration issue and seek to inform more specific and actionable public policy interventions. 2. Introduction War, extreme violence, human right violations and persecution worldwide are prompting millions of people to be involuntarily displaced. In 2015, the number of forcibly displaced people in the world was the highest ever recorded, having reached 65.3 million. According to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, this number has risen sharply in five years, from 42.5 million in 2011 to 45.2 million in 2012, 51.2 million in 2013 and 59.5 million in 2014. Refugees abroad represent only a fraction of the population displaced by war and conflicts (nearly 21.3 million persons in 2015). Most of the increase happened between 2012 and 2015 was mainly driven by the onset of the Arab Spring and thus the new or reignited conflicts as in Syria, Iraq and Libya, together with older crises as in Afghanistan or South Sudan. This has made the refugee crisis a global crisis and has created from the beginning a climate of heightened uncertainty surrounding its political, economic and societal implications in many developed countries. But much international attention has focused on asylum seekers and migrants arriving in Europe during 2015 by sea and the dramatic increase in their number.

Intense refugee flows into Europe created some internal and international problems. In order to identify and propose solutions to them, this issue will be analyzed on both political and economics perspectives. The role of the individual as a refugee in the international politics creates some problems such as procedural disharmony and unjust burden sharing between states especially with inadequate regulations like Dublin Regulations. From the public policy perspective, access to basic health care services is one of the most problematic issues since data collection requires great international cooperation to get a proper data to prevent infectious diseases. Providing public services comes with a price and unjust distribution of the refugees creates short-run economic struggles for the host countries. However, there are also some benefits that refugees provide to European countries in the long term with being a part of the labor market especially in the countries which suffer from shortage of the youth population. In this sense, education of the refugees is necessary because it makes easier and more rapid the process of refugees’ integration to the both society and labor market. The problems are interwoven; therefore, the solutions should not only be a single focused harmonization but a complete one for the EU case since the EU states have already been in a steady integration process.