Jallianwala Bagh and the Indomitable Spirit of Amritsar

Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research, 2021

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, was also known as Amritsar massacre, took place in 1919 on 13 th April. On the day the people were on mass agitation against the policies of the British Government, the Rowlett Act. Acting Brigadier Dyer and his troops entered the garden, blocking the main entrance behind them, took up position on a raised bank, and with no warning opened fire on the crowd for about ten minutes, directing their bullets largely towards the few open gates through which people were trying to flee, until the ammunition supply was almost exhausted. Because of continuous firing more than 370 people had died and over 1200 injured according to British Government Report. Even on the following day Dyer stated in a report that "I have heard that between 200 and 300 of the crowd were killed. My party fired 1,650 rounds."

History of Colonial Punjab is witness of many incidents and movements. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar in 1919 paved the way for origin of Sikh struggle in religious and political fields in early 20 th century. Although, some big peasantry agitations and Gadhar Movement occurred before this massacre and people were awoke, but Jallainwala Bagh brutal massacre and other incidents which were happened after it, became the light house for the Sikhs from darkness of the colonial loyalty. Because of this massacre they enlighten and fought for their religious and individuality rights and they started mass religious movement like Gurduwara Reform Movement (S.G.P.C.) and they politically organaised themselves within the first Sikh political party as Shiromani Akali Dal.

International Journal Of English and Studies, 2022

ABSTRACT: This article is intended to elucidate the events of the day, known as Black Sunday in British-India. The day when men in authority brutally killed their subjects for non-violent revolt. It was in fact a retaliation for the murder of five Europeans who had been killed by Indians, in retaliation to the shooting and killing of 30 Indians who had marched protesting the arrest and deportation of Dr. Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal on 10th of April. A hundred years old wound of India that is still unhealed, because, no official apology has been made so far by the British Government, for the brutal massacre of more than 1500 people, including women and children at Jallianwala Bagh. Repeated demands from Indians across the world for apology from British government has been given a deaf ears.

WordPress, 2022

A fibre installation depicting the Mangarh massacre, at Rajasthan's Museum on Political Narratives that will soon be open to the public A noteworthy name in these lost pages of history is that of Govind Guru, a revolutionary leader of the tribals of the region that included present-day Udaipur, Dungarpur and Banswara in Rajasthan, Gujarat's Idar and Malwa in Madhya Pradesh. On November 17, 1913, six years before the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of April 13, 1919, a horrifying tragedy occurred in Mangarh (Banswada, Rajasthan). While 379 lives were lost in Jallianwala, British cannons and machine guns are known to have killed more than 1,500 tribals in Mangarh.

IDSAsr, 2024

Vaisakhi, it is a very important day for Sikhs and one of the most colourful occasions in the Sikh calendar. It occurs during mid-April every year (the sangrand of vaisakh month as per Nanakshahi calendar. Historically, Vaisakhi consents in Punjab with the first yearly harvesting of crops golden grain). The completion has been a joyous event and is a time for celebration. In 1699, it becomes a significant religious event for Sikhs due to the invocation of the Khalsa Panth. The Khalsa tradition commenced on Vaisakhi in 1699 when the tenth Guru of Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh Sahib laid down the foundation of the Khalsa Panth that is the order of the pure Ones, by Initiating Sikhs to become "Saint-Soldiers". This gave rise to the Vaisakhi or Baisakhi festival as a celebration of Khalsa Panth referred as Khalsa Sirjana Divas or Khalsa Sajna Divas. Khalsa mero roop hai khaas Khalse maih hau karo nivaas Khalsa is my true form, within the Khalsa, I abide.

It is a peerless description and analysis of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919, rightly penned on the occasion of centenary commemoration of this massacre. The victims came from all religions, Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs and Jains thus underlining the reality that anti-colonial struggle was a united struggle of all Indians. This massacre also produced one of the greatest martyrs of India, Udham Singh (who was present at the site of the carnage) who decided to avenge this massacre. He waited for 21 years to kill one of the main perpetrators, Sir Miachael O'Dwyer at Caxton Hall, London on March 13, 1940. When arrested and asked for his identification, Udham Singh told the interrogators that his name was MOHAMMED SINGH AZAD, underlining the unity of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. Sad that the protagonists of two-nation theory destroyed this great heritage, shamelessly. https://nayadaur.tv/2019/04/13-april-1919-13-april-2019-100-years-of-jallianwala-bagh-slaughter/?unapproved=1045&moderation-hash=c7fbd8efb4b6c0413b39b82f95bf2a16#comment-1045 Reproduced with thanks to NAYA DAUR, Islamabad. It is an exclusive work of Professor Ishtiaq Ahmed, Professor Emeritus of Political Science, Stockholm University.

"Khaksar and Jallianwala Bagh Massacres: The Bloodbaths that Ignited the Freedom Movement" By Nasim Yousaf The cold-blooded massacre of Khaksars in Lahore and the Jallianwala Bagh incident in Amritsar took place on March 19, 1940 and April 13, 1919 respectively. The two tragedies occurred in cities in Punjab that are only 31 miles (50 km) apart. The Khaksar and Jallianwala Bagh massacres not only brought country-wide resentment against the British Raj, but also sparked the Indian sub-continent’s (now comprised of Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh) freedom movement, which led to the fall of British rule in 1947.

http://www.southasianist.ed.ac.uk/article/view/2661

Studies in History, 2020

This article examines the changing importance, in Sikh history, of Baghel Singh, a Sikh military commander in eighteenth-century Punjab, and the significance of the most recent events commemorating him in Delhi—the Fateh Diwas. The Fateh Diwas was a spectacular event organized for the first time in 2014 at the Red Fort in Delhi, by the Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD; Badal)-led Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee. It celebrated the conquest of Delhi by the Sikhs and the unfurling of the Sikh flag on the Red Fort by Baghel Singh. This claim is significant for its timing, symbolism and the historical legacy it seeks to remember. This representation of Baghel Singh also appears in modern paintings on Sikh history which are widely reproduced in popular spheres and also constitute the display in Sikh museums. A comparison of this particular representation of Baghel Singh with that in the nineteenth-century text, Sri Gur Panth Prakash by Ratan Singh Bhangu, is useful in understanding how Baghel Singh’s role has changed in Sikh history and how is it being deployed in contemporary heritage politics. doi: 10.1177/0257643020956625 Republished in Punjabi Centuries: Histories of Punjab, ed. Anshu Malhotra. Orient BlackSwan, 304–34 (2024, Orient BlackSwan)