Final rev 3 EXTENDED PHASE 1 PROGRAM.doc

1987

Purpose: This thesis documents the 1984 excavation of a prehistoric archaeological site in Clear Lake State Park in Lake County, California and the resulting artifact collection. The primary purpose of this thesis is to prevent the loss of valuable archaeological data by re-cataloging and analyzing the materials recovered from the excavation of CA-LAK-424. A secondary goal is to contribute to the culture history of the Clear Lake Basin by providing interpretations of the collection materials, and placing them within the cultural chronology of the region. Through analysis of the artifacts, I will define how this site exhibits change over time and identify the specific archaeological sequences represented. Finally, the synthesis of this information contributes to the State Park’s management of this archaeological site and informs future research within the Clear Lake region. Methods: The artifact collection from CA-LAK-424 was analyzed, compared to the original analysis, and catalogued according to the resulting determinations. A digital database was created to make the catalog searchable and to facilitate the observation of data trends. The artifacts were then prepared for curation according to the current State Historical Resources Commission’s Guidelines for the Curation of Archaeological Collections. The lithic artifacts were subjected to in-depth analyses, including using collections from nearby sites to place the lithic implements into typological and chronological categories. Reports on other archaeological excavations in the Clear Lake Basin served as a point of reference for the cultural and temporal components of the site. Referencing geological and environmental studies helped to develop an understanding of the environmental conditions of the site throughout time. A special effort was made to understand those ii geological processes that may have impacted the archaeological deposit and possibly compromised the stratigraphic integrity of the deposit. Findings: Analysis of the lithic tool assemblage from CA-LAK-424 indicates activities associated with a seasonal hunting, fishing and processing camp. This assemblage represents three cultural occupation periods: the Middle and Upper Archaic, and the Emergent Periods. The two major occupational phases represented in this collection include the Mendocino Pattern (5000 B.P. to 1500 B.P.) and the Augustine Pattern (Post 1500 B.P.). A sampling of obsidian artifacts was selected for obsidian hydration in order to test the stratigraphic integrity of the site and to confirm the temporal associations of the patterns represented in the collection. The results of this research were then synthesized and described in the archaeological excavation report and have been expanded upon in this thesis. Additionally, a secondary obsidian hydration study was undertaken including the artifacts that were originally submitted for obsidian hydration in 1984. This secondary study proposed to confirm the effects of geological processes during the middle Holocene on obsidian artifacts that may result in inaccurate hydration rate readings. The results of this study are currently pending and will be a subject of my future research. Conclusions: CA-LAK-424 has an extraordinary amount of data potential pertaining to the nature of middle Holocene occupations in the North Coast Ranges. The limited size of this assemblage has provided compelling evidence that many more middle Holocene archaeological sites may be present within the Southern Clear Lake Region than are currently known. This collection can serve as a reference for further research into middle Holocene archaeological sites throughout the North Coast Ranges and encourage archaeologists to expand upon the current body of knowledge pertaining to middle Holocene occupations.

Reports of Investigation, 2016

The Applied Anthropology Laboratories (AAL) at Ball State University conducted a data enhancement project for archaeological resources in Newton County, Indiana for a FY2015 Historic Preservation Fund Grant (Grant #18-15FFY-05). This Historic Preservation Fund grant project investigated the archaeological resources of Newton County, Indiana with a focus on the Kankakee River, Beaver Lake, and the northern half of the county. Approximately 856.1 acres (346.45 hectares) of agricultural land were surveyed, which includes 7.1 acres of resurveyed area, and 76 new archaeological sites were recorded. The survey recovered 525 prehistoric artifacts and 1,761 historic artifacts from nine parcels of land within Newton County. No human remains were discovered as a result of this grant project. Cultural periods that are represented in the artifact assemblage include Early Archaic, Late Archaic, Late Archaic/Early Woodland, Late Woodland/Late Prehistoric, and Late Prehistoric components that were documented from the precontact era, in addition to Historic components. The average site density recorded for the project area for precontact sites was one site per 42.45 acres and for Historic sites was one site per 13.69 acres.

1986

During several periods from 1984 to 1986, a pedestrian survey of the upper Deep Creek Drainage, in Riley, Geary and Wabaunsee Counties of Kansas, was performed. The project area is in the northern Flint Hills, a few miles south of Manhattan on a tributary to the Kansas River. Because this drainage is a natural unit, small enough to be covered by the limited funding available yet rich in both historic and prehistoric sites, it was particularly well suited to a study of prehistoric human ecology. The survey covered portions of forty-eight sections with a land area equivalent of nearly thirty-seven sections. Two hundred and twenty-nine sites, twenty-one of which contained historic components, were recorded. Two hundred and twenty-one isolated finds were also recorded, and evidence for an "Indian trail" from the early historic period was located. Most of the sites found were directly related to prehistoric quarrying and/or to the trail. Most of the sites were confined to the surface, and very few of the lithics were diagnostic. Therefore, good temporal control for prehistoric sites in this area was difficult.

Anthropological Papers No. 11, Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson, 1992

The Rye Creek Project involved testing and data recovery at 19 archaeological sites within the Upper Tonto Basin of central Arizona. The project area is situated along a 5.4 mile (8.7 km) stretch of State Route 87, approximately 10 miles south of the town of Payson, Arizona, within the boundaries of the Tonto National Forest. The project was undertaken for the Arizona Department of Transportation prior to the realignment and expansion of State Route 87. Thirteen sites were tested and then intensively investigated (Chapters 6, 7, 8, and 9) while six were only tested (Chapter 10). Considerable functional and temporal diversity was present; the sites ranged from small, isolated, single-room masonry structures and larger multi-room pueblos dating to the early Classic period (AD 1150-1300), to earlier Preclassic period (AD 750-1150) sites with subsurface pithouse architecture. The Preclassic period sites were for the most part more substantial; an analysis of the archaeological signatures of sedentism suggests that the majority of the Preclassic period sites were sedentary in nature (Chapter 26).-This contrasts with many of the Classic period sites which appear to have been seasonally occupied fieldhouses, although a larger, more permanently occupied (but severely disturbed) pueblo roomblock was also present. Given the traditional emphasis on Classic period sites in Tonto Basin archaeology (Chapter 3), this project represents one of the most complete investigations to date of the less well known Preclassic period. The Deer Creek site (AZ 0:15:52) contained 17 pithouses and dated primarily to the Gila Butte phase (AD 750-850) with a possibly earlier Snaketown phase (AD 650-750) component (Chapter 7). This is now one of the earliest excavated ceramic period sites within the Tonto Basin (Note: this statement must now be modified based on the more recent excavation of the Eagle Ridge site in the Roosevelt Community Development Study in the Lower Tonto Basin, which dates to the Early Ceramic period, ca. AD 100-600; see Elson and Lindeman 1994). Limited testing on a volunteer basis was also undertaken at Rye Creek Ruin (AZ 0:15:1) which, while probably originating during the early Classic period, dates primarily to the late Classic period Gila phase (AD 1300-1450) (Chapter 27). Rye Creek Ruin is one of the largest permanently occupied sites in the Tonto Basin, containing around 150 masonry rooms and two platform mounds. The site was undoubtedly the focus of the Classic period settlement of the Upper Tonto Basin. The long temporal span of project area sites, running from ca. AD 650/750 to AD 1300 (and with the inclusion of Rye Creek Ruin, possibly as late as AD 1450), allowed for diachronic modeling of prehistoric settlement and subsistence systems within the Upper Tonto Basin (Chapters 4 and 28). Most significantly, the data strongly suggest that the Upper Basin was occupied by an indigenous population who interacted with neighboring populations while remaining culturally discrete. Changes through time in the intensity and direction of interaction networks are clearly apparent, although the overall intensity is believed to have been relatively limited. The earliest inhabitants, ca. AD 700-1000, were tied in most closely with Hohokam groups to the south, although the absence of a Hohokam mortuary complex suggests that the inhabitants were not culturally Hohokam. Sometime shortly after AD 1000/1050, interaction with Hohokam populations ended or was severely curtailed, while interaction with Tusayan populations to the north increased (Chapter 12). The source of this interaction is suggested to be the Flagstaff area. Interaction with Tusayan populations appears to have ended by around AD 1100 or 1150 at the start of the Classic period. Tusayan ceramics are first replaced by Little Colorado white wares and later by Cibola white wares. Rye Creek Ruin appears to have been initially settled during the early Classic period, although there are some indications of an earlier Preclassic period occupation (Chapters 27 and 28). The most intensive occupation was during the late Classic period Gila phase. Given the paucity of sedentary sites within the project area and the Upper Tonto Basin in general during the late Classic period, it is suggested that the Gila phase was a period of population aggregation into Rye Creek Ruin from the surrounding area. Therefore, unlike previous models of Tonto Basin settlement, the data indicate that there is little need to invoke colonization or migration models to account for the initial settlement of the Upper Tonto Basin. Furthermore, occupation within the Upper Basin was more-or-Iess continuous, at least from the Snaketown or Gila Butte phase through the late Classic period; the notion of a Sacaton phase (ca. AD 900-1100) hiatus originally proposed by the Gladwins (1935) can be finally put to rest. How these data relate to the Lower Tonto Basin, which is closer to the Hohokam core area and in a more similar desert riverine environmental zone, remains unknown. However, our data suggest that while there may have been limited migration into the Tonto Basin from points south and north, the Upper Basin was occupied primarily by an indigenous population who participated in various interaction networks, the nature of which changed through time.

1982

The following report is a synthesis of archaeological investigations in the Lakeview Lake Project area. Following an archaeological survey of the project (Phase One) by Skinner and Connors (1979; see below), sequential years of test excavations (Phase Two, 1979; and Phase Three, 1980) were carried out. The results of Phase Two and Three investigations were accumulated in two annual reports (Raab, Bruseth and McIntyre 1979; Ferring and Reese 1979 and Raab, McGregor and McIntyre 1979; Ferring and Reese 1980). One of our tasks here is to synthesize the last two of years of investigation into a coherent statement. This job was made difficult because, as to be expected in any scientific enterprise, methods and objectives tended to evolve with increases in information. At the same time, however, we have attempted to keep such growth orderly by relating the investigations to central research design concepts. These are presented in detail. Some differences in approach and emphasis are appar...

Reports of Investigation, 2017

The Applied Anthropology Laboratories (AAL) at Ball State University conducted a data enhancement project for archaeological resources in Newton County, Indiana for a FY2016 Historic Preservation Fund Grant (Grant #18-16FFY-04). This Historic Preservation Fund grant project investigated the archaeological resources of Newton County, Indiana with a focus on the two central townships, Beaver and Jackson, and under-represented ecological communities within Newton County based on FY2014 and FY2015 surveys. A total of 932.27 acres (377.27 hectares) of agricultural land were surveyed, which includes 5.63 acres of resurveyed area, and 110 new archaeological sites were recorded. The survey recovered 103 prehistoric artifacts and 4,063 historic artifacts from nine parcels of land within Newton County. No human remains were discovered as a result of this grant project. Cultural periods that are represented in the artifact assemblage include precontact era Middle Archaic, Middle-Late Archaic, Late Archaic, and Late Woodland components, in addition to Historic components. The average site density recorded for the project area for precontact sites was one site per 24.53 acres and for Historic sites was one site per 10.02 acres.

1994

1994 Doctoral Dissertation: Since the advent of environmental land use planning laws in the 1970's, local, state, and federal agencies have been requiring the identification and protection of archaeological resources. This cultural resource management (CRM) activity has generated many volumes of reports listing properties inspected, prehistoric site locations, and other information needed to serve land use planning needs. This dissertation attempts to understand the type of data contained in these studies and develops a suite of analytical techniques which can utilize this information to generate meaningful inferences about prehistoric cultural and natural processes. The data used in the current study come from the Clear Lake Basin, located in California's North Coast Range. The least cost model of subsistence economics is applied to ethnographic, paleo-environmental, and archaeological data in an effort to develop a hypothetical scenario outlining the periods and expected economic changes which occurred in the region. Archaeological expectations concerning settlement pattern, technology, and population for each period are developed. The CRM data from the Clear Lake Basin are studied using the concepts of constrained exploratory data analysis, remnant settlement patterns, and persistent place. A combination of obsidian hydration and diagnostic artifacts is used to place sites within a chronological framework. Patterns derived from the exploratory data analysis are then compared with the expectations which were derived based on previously existing data and the least cost model. Through the use of site distribution maps, changes in site area and site size over time, the current analysis succeeds in identifying the earliest evidence of settlement in the Clear Lake Basin, outlines periods of major economic change, and suggests various motivating factors which may have led to this change. The following aspects of Clear Lake Basin and surrounding regional prehistory are entertained: 1. Regional resource areas which were in use during various periods throughout prehistory; 2. Major technological/economic changes, when they occurred, and the circumstances which may have led to their inception, and; 3. The demographic history of the Clear Lake Basin (Pomo) inhabitants and how it effected the prehistory of surrounding regions.

Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, 1995