Barley.pdf

2022

Genetic diversity can be investigated through different methods such as morphological traits, yield components, and molecular markers. This study assessed three local, Egyptian commercial varieties of barley (Giza 134, Giza 135 and Giza 136) as well as seven barley lines, morphologically during different growth stages (vegetative, flowering and maturity stages) and on molecular basis (based on ten ISSR markers). Two field experiments were carried out in Giza Research Station, Agricultural Research Center during 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 seasons. Morphological characterization was done based on 28 of morphological characters using the Internationally Recognized, Descriptor of the International Union for Protection of new Varieties (UPOV 2018). The results indicated that variation existed among, the genotypes for some morphological characters, and wasn't found in other characters such as lowest leaves hairiness of leaf sheaths, flag leaf, anthocyanin coloration of auricles, flag leaf intensity of anthocyanin coloration of auricles, flag leaf glaucosity of sheath, ear number of rows, grain husk, grain speculation of inner lateral nerves, of dorsal side of lemma, grain hairiness of ventral furrow, kernel color of aleurone layer and seasonal type). Plant height, tillers/m 2 , heading date, grain filling period, maturity, spikes/m 2 , main spike length, grain/ spike, weight grain/ spike, grain yield, biological yield, straw yield, seed index and harvest index showed significant, differences among the genotypes. Four of the promising lines (1, 2, 3 and 4) significantly, surpassed the check varieties and other lines in yield and its components. Ten ISSR primers were used to characterize the barley genotypes. The ISSR markers used were able to identify each of the ten genotypes by unique positive or negative markers. The ten genotypes amplified 24 unique markers, (23 positive and 1 negative marker). Giza-136 variety was characterized by 5 unique markers. The highest similarity index, was (Line 2 and Giza-134 variety) and between (Line 3 and Line 7), while, the lowest index between (Line 2 and Line 5). The ISSR-based dendrogram was divided into two main sub clusters at 0.75 similarity. The first main cluster comprised six genotypes, while the second one contained

Journal of Cereal Research, 2021

Estimation of genetic diversity in a crop species provides a basis for devising future strategies for their conservation and sustainable use in crop improvement. Genotypic variation in 72 barley genotypes was studied for ten morphological traits during two consecutive cropping years (2015-16 and 2016-17) at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Coefficient of variation attributed to genotypic diversity was recorded highest for grain yield (26.16 %) followed by inclination angle (20.0 %), internode length (13.11 %) and tillers per meter (13.07 %). However, days to maturity (2.69 %) contributed less to diversity with lower coefficient of variation. The principal component analysis revealed that first four most informative components could explain about 71.0 % of total variation present in the studied genotypes. Hierarchical cluster analysis clubbed all the barley genotypes into eight clusters. Clusters III and V being the largest one with 14 genotypes each and with one genotype. Cluster I was the smallest. Among all, maximum distance was displayed by clusters I and VI, however, highest diversity was exhibited by cluster V. The genotypes namely MGL 21 (early heading), MGL 38 (early maturing), MGL 47 (short plant height with high tillering), MGL 12 (high culm thickness), MGL 117 (long internodes), MGL 15 (long spikes) and MBGSN 145 (high grain weight, high yield, lodging resistant) were identified as most diverse genotypes. Cluster I, IV and VII portrayed better performance for most of the traits studied. Genotypes from these groups could be utilized as donors in breeding programs for different agro-ecologies.

Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council

Naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. nudum L.) is a traditional, culturally important, climate-resilient winter cereal crop of Nepal. Evaluation of the naked barely genotypes for yield and disease is fundamental for their efficient utilization in plant breeding schemes and effective conservation programs. Therefore, to identify high yielding and yellow rust resistant landraces of naked barley for hilly and mountainous agro-ecosystem, twenty naked barley landraces collected from different locations of Nepal, were evaluated in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during winter season of 2016 and 2017 at Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal. Combined analysis of variances revealed that NGRC04902 (3.46 t/ha), NGRC00886 (3.28 t/ha), NGRC02309 (3.21 t/ha) and NGRC06026 (3.10 t/ha) were the high yielding landraces and statistically at par with the released variety 'Solu Uwa' (3.15 t/ha). The landraces namely NGRC00837 (ACI Value: 1.86) was found resistant to yellow r...

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology

The knowledge of nature and the magnitude of divergence existing in the breeding materials are useful to identify suitable parents or populations to combine favorable genes. Thus, 28 barley genotypes were evaluated at Gitilo site in RCB design with three replications during the 2018/19 season. The aim of the study was to investigate the magnitude of genetic divergence among the existing breeding materials. The result revealed that the barley genotypes were grouped into four clusters. The inter-cluster distance was greater between clusters I and II, followed by cluster II and III and then between clusters II and IV, I and IV, III and IV, between I and III so that crossing among parents from distant clusters result in wide array populations with desirable alleles. Besides this, cluster mean analysis showed clusters IV and III contained desirable characters for high yield potential including net blotch and scald resistance indicating their suitability for direct variety development. Th...

Agriculture & Food Security

Background: Naked barley is a traditional, climate-resilient and highly nutritious crop of the high mountains of Nepal. Knowledge of agro-morphological diversity among the naked barely genotypes is fundamental for their efficient utilization in plant breeding schemes and effective conservation programs. The primary objective of this study is phenotypic characterization and diversity assessment of naked barley landraces in Nepal for pre-breeding purposes. Methodology: Data on quantitative and qualitative traits of 25 naked barley landraces from diversity blocks established across the four mountainous locations of Nepal (Humla, Jumla, Dolakha and Lamjung) were subjected to calculation of descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis (UPGMA cluster analysis/principal component analysis). Frequency distribution of various categories of qualitative traits and Shannon-Weaver diversity indices were computed. Results: The UPGMA cluster analysis using both quantitative and qualitative traits individually categorized the 25 naked barley landraces in five clusters in each case with no distinct regional grouping patterns in such a way that the landraces from same or adjacent regions of origin and collection amassed in different clusters. NGRC04894, Lamjung Local, NGRC02306, NPGR1579, NGRC02327 and NPGR1579 exhibited morphoagronomical superiority and potentiality for utilization as genitors in crop improvement programs. Principal component analysis revealed the quantitative traits, viz. grain yield, plant height and earliness, and qualitative traits, viz. grain color, overall phenotypic performance, lemma awn/hood and lemma awn barbs, to be the principal discriminatory characteristics of the Nepalese naked barley landrace collection. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H′) ranged from 0.32 to 0.99 with a mean value of 0.73, inferring tremendous diversity in the collection for the qualitative traits. Conclusion: The marked diversity observed among the Nepalese naked barley landraces could be utilized in crop improvement for various traits. The information generated complements the robust breeding program of competitive, stable and climate-resilient varieties of end users' preferences in different mountainous agro-ecologies and also bolsters the employment of innovative and proven participatory plant breeding approach using diversity kits and informal research and development kits to expand and promote the varietal choice options for expeditious benefits to the farmers in the high mountains, considering that only one naked barley variety, viz. Solu Uwa, has been released in Nepal to date.

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 2008

Twenty genic-and genomic SSR markers were used to study genetic diversity and geographical differentiation of barley from 29 countries through analysis of a worldwide collection of 304 ICARDA's barley landraces. Of these, 19 loci were highly polymorphic in the material studied. Based on Neidistance matrix, Principal Component Analysis (PCoA) and cluster analysis using UPGMA associated with AMOVA the data revealed countries' grouping within regions. Three distinct germplasm pools were identified in the landraces. The first of these was from Eastern Africa (Eritrea and Ethiopia) and South America (Ecuador, Peru and Chile) suggesting that barley introduced to South America might have originated specifically from East Africa or that they share a common genetic basis for adaptation. The second was the Caucasus (Armenia and Georgia) and the third included the remaining regions of Central Asia, Near East, Northern Africa and Eastern Asia. Genetic diversity of barley subspecies (Six-rowed barley, Two-rowed barley, H. spontaneum C. Koch and H. agriocrithon Å berg) also discriminates them into three groups: cultivated barleys (Sixrowed barley and Two-rowed barley), wild barley H. spontaneum and subspecies H. agriocrithon. These results associated with parsimony analysis demonstrate that H. agriocrithon and H. spontaneum might be distinct and do not support a hybrid origin for H. agriocrithon suggesting further investigation of the basis of more intense sampling of the two subspecies H. spontaneum and H. agriocrithon.

Agronomy, 2021

Landraces are considered a key element of agrobiodiversity because of their high variability and adaptation to local environmental conditions, but at the same time, they represent a breeding potential hidden in gene banks that has not yet been fully appreciated and utilized. Here, we present a genome-wide DArTseq analysis of the diversity of 116 spring barley landraces preserved in the collection of the Polish gene bank. Genetic analysis revealed considerable variation in this collection and several distinct groups related to the landraces’ country of origin and the grain type were identified. The genetic distinctness of hulless accessions may provide a basis for pro-quality breeding aimed at functional food production. However, the variable level of accession heterogeneity can be a significant obstacle. A solution to this problem is the establishment of special collections composed of pure lines that are accessible to breeders. Regions lacking genetic diversity have also been ident...

International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 2013

Five chloroplast DNA microsatellite loci were tested to analyze cytoplasmic variation in a set of 94 barley accessions; 23 Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum (wild) from Southeastern Anatolia, 47 Hordeum vulgare ssp.vulgare landraces and 24 Turkish barley cultivars. Fifteen (15) haplotypes were detected. Within wild barley, two of the five loci were polymorphic with two or three alleles and four haplotypes were found, giving a gene diversity value of 0.31. One of these haplotypes was found in 13 Turkish cultivars. Two loci were polymorphic in the landraces, giving three haplotypes and a gene diversity value of 0.33. One of haplotypes found in landraces was observed in a Turkish cultivar. All loci were polymorphic in 24 Turkish cultivars and the numbers of alleles per locus ranged from two to three alleles, with a gene diversity value of 0.61. Of the six haplotypes detected in Turkish cultivars, three were unique to three cultivars. The chloroplast microsatellite loci were found multiallelic and variable within H. vulgare ssp. vulgare and H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum intraspesific accessions and useful to compare degrees of genetic variation between accessions. The results improved the knowledge in genetic variation of CRIFC seed genebank's barley accessions and could be informative for broadening the genetic base of barley.

2020

Naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. nudum L.) is a traditional, culturally important, climate-resilient winter cereal crop of Nepal. Evaluation of the naked barely genotypes for yield and disease is fundamental for their efficient utilization in plant breeding schemes and effective conservation programs. Therefore, to identify high yielding and yellow rust resistant landraces of naked barley for hilly and mountainous agro-ecosystem, twenty naked barley landraces collected from different locations of Nepal, were evaluated in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during winter season of 2016 and 2017 at Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal. Combined analysis of variances revealed that NGRC04902 (3.46 t/ha), NGRC00886 (3.28 t/ha), NGRC02309 (3.21 t/ha) and NGRC06026 (3.10 t/ha) were the high yielding landraces and statistically at par with the released variety 'Solu Uwa' (3.15 t/ha). The landraces namely NGRC00837 (ACI Value: 1.86) was found resistant to yellow r...

Scientific Reports

Natural and mass selection during domestication and cultivation favored particular traits of interest in barley. In the present study, population structure, and genetic relationships among 144 accessions of barley landraces and breeding materials from various countries were studied using a set of 77 and 72 EST-SSR and gSSR markers, respectively distributed on seven chromosomes of barley. In total, 262 and 429 alleles were amplified in 77 EST-SSRs and 72 gSSR loci, respectively. Out of which, 185 private/group-specific alleles were identified in the landraces compared with 14 in "cultivar and advanced breeding lines", indicating the possibility to introgress favorite alleles from landraces into breeding materials. Comparative analysis of genetic variation among breeding materials, Iranian landraces, and exotic landraces revealed higher genetic diversity in Iranian landraces compared with others. A total of 37, 15, and 14 private/group-specific alleles were identified in Ira...