Ecology and Environment in Persian Poetry pdf

a unique study on persian sufi poetry

Fotros Journal of Islamic Studies and Classical Literature, 2024

Classical Iranian poetry has a history of more than a thousand years. This melodic and rhythmic poetry has always taught us moral, divine, mystical, and social themes, the correct lifestyle, and the way to reach evolution and happiness, which can be a sign of Persian rich culture and civilization. The mission and commitment of poetry and poets is to serve people and guide them to happiness. The contemporary classical poetry of Iran is the continuation of the thousand-year-old Persian classical poetry that despite preserving its principles and appearance or form, has been completely dynamic in terms of content and has adapted itself to the times so as not to neglect its mission, i.e., to raise human awareness. Several miscellaneous factors have had an impact on Iranian classical poetry, and this article, while examining the mentioned factors tries to introduce some important and prominent poets of the contemporary classical poetry of Iran and refers to their thoughts and sociopolitical activities in brief, so that, the ground will be paved for new helpful similar further researches. As such, the study presents a brief overview of Persian classical poetry in the past one hundred and fifty years and investigates the thoughts and sociopolitical effectiveness of the most prominent contemporary Iranian poets.

Ecocritism is a recent phenomenon.

Poetry and Revolution, 2022

Unexpected changes in the poetic forms and themes of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries suggest that in contrast with what Bāzgasht-e adabi (the Literary Return Movement) promoted in this era, a group of poets were keen to create more topical poems. Some of these poets attempted to depict the socio-political crises of the Qajar period in works which can be considered as early examples of poetry committed to socio-political change. Although these poems do not represent the modern sense of society and liberty, one may identify them as the origin of the innovative, revolutionary poems composed during the 1905-1911 Iranian Constitutional Revolution. Indeed, the socio-political poetry of the prerevolutionary era, regardless of the perspective it takes on the crisis, can be seen as first attempts paving the way for social commitment in the works of the next generation. However, the primary concern of this paper is to show how these committed poems contributed to a trend of modernization and reformulation of poetic forms in Persian poetry. Among the poets of early and mid-nineteenth century Iran, three poets are particularly renowned for political poems in which they criticize or maintain an advisory position in relation to the corruption of the clergy, lower state officials and the government itself. They are: Mirza Abolqāsem Qā'em Maqām Farāhānī, Mirza Fathollāh Khan Sheibāni of Kāshān, and Mirza Abolhasan Yaghmā Jandaqi. The following pages will introduce the political dimensions of Qā'em Maqām and Sheibāni's works and will then proceed to focus on Yaghmā, who produced the forms of poetry that had the most significant impact on the poets of the following generation. Yaghmā's oeuvre contains both poems indifferent to the cruelty of the ruling class, and poems in which he criticizes the socio-political status quo. This chapter defends the view that the later part of Yaghmā's poetry contains the hidden language of the subordinate people, suppressed by the common, public language promoted by the hierarchical power. Therefore, raising this hidden language against the public one might be the Yaghmā's motivation in creating innovative poetical forms.

Essential Voices: Poetry of Iran and Its Diaspora, 2021

This essay is an updated and expanded version of the introduction to Essential Voices: Poetry of Iran and Its Diaspora (Green Linden Press, 2021)

2017

Poetry, as with art in any other form, has an existence that is intertwined with the nature the poet, or the artist, lives in. While they can, of course, be defined and studied separately; it is not possible for poetry to exist bereft of nature. This is especially true for NorthEast Indian poetry as one of the major themes of the poetry emerging from this region is the relationship of the different peoples living here with the space they live in. this paper tries to analyze this relationship and its effect on the English poetry emerging from this region. The paper looks into the concepts of deep ecology to try and find a pattern in North East Indian English poetry. Deep ecology has a profound effect in the poetry of this region where one can clearly envisage a shift in the worldview from anthropocentric to biocentric. The paper also looks at the ecotone as present in the poetry of this region and how far the ecotone is productive in building a bridge between poetic concern and ecolo...

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To be published in Shmasur Rahman Faruqi and Alireza Korangy (eds), Sabk: Essays on Form, Manner, and the Stylistics of Metaphor in Persian and Indo-Persian Literatures, 2016.

In examining the phenomenon of Indian verse in English, an important characteristic of modern Indian poetry in English in post-Independence period emerges and appears as an intrinsic part of it. It is the 'landscape' element that is used largely in the modern Indian English verse and it is deeply rooted in it and stems from the Indian environment as reflected in poet's native place. Sooner or later the poet does come to terms with his own environment-constituted of his physical and cultural landscape. Thus the poet intensely becomes responsive to the unenviable landscape in which he lives and functions as a writer of poetry. The present paper attempts to point out and devise the idea of landscape through the readings of three renowned poets in Indian English literature-A K. Ramanujan, Jayanta Mahapatra and Arun Kolatkar, through the ecocritical approach. To put in a simple way, ecocriticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment. An ecocritical analysis of the work reveals themes such as nature as abode of the gods, nature as the cause of suffering and nature as mysterious and elusive among others. Here lies the striking contrast between the traditional and modern Indian English poetry. The former were more interested in traditional view of panlandscape and the latter got more and more involved in their native landscape.