Terrorism 4.0: A Global and Structural Analysis

Terrorists activities in modern world are rampant, sporadical in nature, very threat and disastrous to the existence of man and his society. The increasing rate of these activities of the terrorists is strongly associated with the negative role of international politics, diplomacy and the western tactics and strategies of isolation, sanctions and conspiracy. But in any event the policy makers of the third world nations' in particular must be criticized of their failure to rise to the responsibility, alongside, failure to provide security to the lives and properties of their deluded masses, demand for the satisfaction of long term plans, political, economic, social and ideological interests. However, it is against this backdrop this study titled "Terrorism and International Politics in the 21 st century; The way forward" is carried out to examine the genesis/causes, motives and effects of this subject matter of our write-ups. In this study many published and unpublished materials as well as informants were consulted. The interest of the study is to acquaint the students, general reading public and world at large with the prevalence of various uprising, terrorists' activities in various ramifications and the concerted efforts of the governments concerned to overcome the unfortunate state of affairs which is nasty and disastrous in nature. Further to the above, it highlights the nature, character and manifestations of insurgencies and has on the other hand draws into light that radical Islamic terrorism shares many characteristics with ethnic, economic and political violence and rightly observed that all forms of terrorists activities are Islamically illegal and contrary to the law of Islam, inhumane and irreligious movements because are not purely on religious foundations. To the study, terrorism is no more but a despicable crime, since one person's terrorist is another's freedom fighter and terrorists are enemies that are not easily traceable, with myriad of complex motivations, as individuals and as groups. Terrorism is mysterious phenomena, a form of political violence, a tactic, not a movement, which represents the final escalation in the process of political violence. It is an act that cannot exist, if other non-violent are those of reform and conflict resolution were available to the dissidents. At the tail end, the study proffers solution to the challenges confronting security to lives and properties in the 21 st century.

Pakistan Social Sciences Review, 2017

Terrorism is the most important problem of the today's world. It is not a new phenomenon in the national and international politics but it expanded in the post World War II period. Despite its growth as a multi-faceted political concept, it is not well-understood especially, in the Western World where every act of violence against state or society is considered terrorism. It has become all too pervasive in the post 9/11 period where antigovernment protests, legitimate political movements and uprisings for independence, ethnic discriminations, domestic religious or sectarian acts and several other actions involving violence have been bracketed as terrorism. But the question regarding oppression of states against the innocent citizens demanding their right of self-determination is still unanswered. This paper is an attempt to identify the origins of terrorism as it has come to preoccupy the world in the post 9/11 period, its various dimensions and new faces, and to identify its emerging facets and future challenges

Terrorism studies is a fascinating look at a term without a universal definition. Terrorism is a societal construction often base on an ideology, whether it be: political, social, economic, oppression and religious. It is an old phenomenon but its contemporary appearance was first noted in the 19th century in France's " Reign of Terror. " In recent decades, terrorism and state sponsored terrorism have become progressively more glaring and lethal. All terrorism has political, social, economic and religious implications. The intent is to attract a wider audience and provoke a response through violence to support and proliferate their views. This 'new' terrorism has more sources, motivations and tactics and a network of affiliates for globalization. Now, in the 21 st. century, it has taken over and dominated the global political scene. There are numerous reasons for this upsurge such as: violations of international law, neo-liberalism, religious ideology and/or denied basic human rights. Given the increasing global threat of terrorism, it is critical that we understand its history, nature and premises under which it functions. This is important as it will shape the nation-states' policy when redressing the issues at stake. These issues, as well as others, I hope to explore and address these questions in this series of articles entitled: 'The Legacy and Plague of Terrorism.'

2017

In recent years terrorism has once again dominate the international agenda. The international community has witnessed successive violent demonstrations, and it is therefore appropriate to address the problems of this phenomenon and assess its changes over the years in order to identify the main differences. The conflict between States ceased to be the scene of armed conflicts, at least partially. The phenomenon of terrorism (re) arises but yet now on a global scale, surpassing tactical effects easily quantifiable and in a context where terrorism is presented as a violent action technique. This phenomenon, in itself, is not entirely new. Terrorism presents itself with a strategic reach capacity, not by actions but by its effects and consequences on a global scale and with significant impact on world public opinion. Thus, it is important to understand what are the main changes that terrorism has undergone over the last few years. This study consists in a holistic analysis methodology ...

Global Jihadist Terrorism, 2021

by al-Qaeda (AQ) operatives, countering jihadist terrorism has become a primary security and political priority for many liberal democracies. The fact that global jihadist terrorism, notably in the form of AQ, Islamic State (IS) and their affiliates, has affected other liberal democratic regimes only deepens these concerns. Consequently, we have seen considerable shifts in the counter-terrorism (CT) strategies and tactics of liberal democracies, and in respect of their legal and other institutional arrangements concerned with security. Of course, jihadist terrorism has not only affected liberal democracies but more often than not it has also had greater direct impact on authoritarian states or, at least, on states other than well-ordered liberal democracies, such as Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Given their global ambitions and reach, the terrorist operations conducted by AQ, IS and their affiliates still impact upon liberal democracies both directly and indirectly. Such liberal democracies are the focus of both this volume and the European Research Council Advanced Grant (GTCMR-670172) research project of which it is a part. Global jihadist terrorism differs in important respects from traditional terrorism of the kind practised by the likes of the Irish Republican Army and the Palestinian Liberation Organisation. For one thing, the goals of global jihadism are not simply narrow, nationalistic ones but far more grandiose, notably the establishment of a Caliphate. Moreover, the harmful impact of global jihadist terrorism has been much greater. In its attempts to establish a so-called Caliphate, the terrorism perpetrated by IS has not only hit various Western cities but has also resulted in the deaths of far more people in the Middle East, predominantly among the Muslim population that it claims to represent. Further, there is an important difference in terms of tactics. Elements of the IS Caliphate project that have materialised over the past few years have relied upon a variety of brutal terrorist tactics to subdue and coerce local populations to ensure that they remain under IS control. Finally, global jihadist terrorism has taken a somewhat different organisational form, such as AQ operating

The paper addresses some problems in understanding twenty-first century terrorism. The focus is on the singularity that results from the relationship between complex political environments and aspects of contemporary terrorist actions. The analysis examines some of these aspects, so as to understand the inherent problem with which the international system and the international organizations (i.e., the United Nations) have to deal with in the era of international terrorism. The paper focuses on two main aspects of terrorism: the definitional problem and the analytical framework. Such analysis could offer a pathway to the challenges of achieving a clear understanding of terrorism as one of the main political issues of the twenty-first century.

Intellectual Discourse, 2010

Terrorism is an old phenomenon but its modern manifestation was first noted in the 19 th century with the anarchist group who assassinated Czar Alexander II in 1881. Since then it has continued unabated but its intensity and frequency increased in the 21 st century. This study examines the trends in international terrorism and, in particular, analyses its causes and consequences. Based upon extensive literature and documentary research, this study found at least three perspectives that explain terrorism either as a reaction to socioeconomic deprivation or as the product of religious fundamentalism or as a legitimate struggle to wipe out injustices perpetrated by the powerful against the powerless. Muslims condemn terrorism and suggest that the Western powers cease their policies of victimising the vulnerable populations, of sponsoring terrorists, of siding with Israel, and of denying others their right to liberty and sovereignty.

Paper presented at …, 2008

This paper explains how the intensification of globalization as the modern world system has increased the occurrence of terrorism from above (i.e. state actors) and from below (i.e. non-state actors). We cannot adequately grasp the essence and characteristics of modern terrorism without understanding the larger cultural, social, economic, and political contexts in which it takes place. Since terrorism has been conceptualized, defined, and theorized by those who have contradictory interests and objectives and since the subject matter of terrorism is complex, difficult, and elusive, there is a wide gap in establishing a common understanding among the scholars of terrorism studies. Most experts on the subject look at this issue from a narrow perspective by ignoring the reality that terrorism is a "social cancer" for all human groups affected by it. First, this paper defines the concept of terrorism in relation to different forms of terrorism, and explains how it has increased with the intensification of globalization. Second, taking the events of 9/11 and the case of Ethiopian state terrorism, the piece explores the general impacts of all forms of terrorism.

IAR Consortium, 2021

Terrorism has remained one of the gravest threats to contemporary global advancement and sustainable development. No meaningful development can be achieved in societies beset by conflicts. In many contemporary societies, attained developmental gains have been reversed by upheavals and years of conflicts. The level of global insecurity has in recent times been accentuated by dimension of the conflicts in Syria, Yemen, Libya, and Iraq. The environment of the failed state of Somalia has indeed become very important in any discourse of currency regarding global security/insecurity architecture. The collapse of the Somali state over three decades ago left in its wake an ungoverned environment which has been exploited by the international Islamist Organizations to develop a "viable" terrorist hub in the Horn of Africa. The alliance of the local Somali Islamists, the al-Shabaab, with the al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and the ISIS increased the security profile of Somalia. The Libyan domestic conflict also escalated the Boko Haram insurgency in the Lake Chad Basin and throw up a strong and very connected Islamic State in West Africa Province. The linkage of al-Shabaab with the Islamist insurgency in Nigeria, and the upheaval in Yemen has rekindled global attention to the increased attention to the study of Terrorism. It is in this light that this paper devotes itself to going back to the basics in the study of terrorism: the definition, origin, causes and trends. It is the contention of this paper that a good understanding of these perspective will present veritable instruments in the efforts at dealing with Global Terrorism.

Metamorphosis is a biological process and implies a change in the shape and structure of an individual through his or her development and differentiation. In that sense, the question arises as to whether it is possible to discuss the metamorphosis of terrorism. The roots of terrorism reach far into the past, since the existence of its elements, and since there have been conflicts. Thus, many tyrannicide and other forms of violence directed towards rulers have been termed as terrorism. On the other hand, the dilemma occurs when distinguishing different forms of political violence, the content of the phenomenon and its actors. Subsequently, this phenomenon was used to denote the "rule of the terror" and the action of radical rightist, leftist, and anarchist groups who sought to achieve their political goals by using various forms of violence. Finally, we may consider religious provenance of terrorism, that is, the phenomenon that has marked the last thirty years of terrorism. At this stage of its development, it manifests itself through the global jihadist movement, with pronounced feature of massiveness, brutality, the strength and scope of action, thus surpassing the so far known forms of terrorist activities. The aim of this paper is to examine different forms of terrorism through its historical genesis, identify common elements, as well as the key points of this phenomenon. A literature review was conducted to analyze the historical roots of terrorism, ideologically motivated terrorism, and finally ethno-nationalist and separatist terrorism. A comparative method has been used to compare the results obtained from the analysis of religion-motivated terrorism, which manifests itself through the global jihadist movement today.

Terroryzm, 2022

The article outlines selected aspects of terrorism in the 21st century. Taking into account the historical perspective, the modus operandi used by the perpetrators of attacks (suicide bomber, “lone wolf”) is described, together with examples of the most spectacular attacks: decapitation, use of chemical weapons, attacks with vehicles. Two charts accompany the text: “Number of terrorist attacks in the world (2006-2019)” and “Most active groups carrying out attacks in the world in 2019 by number of attacks”.

A. Adamus-Matuszyńska (ed.), From Systems To People. Proceedings, Katowice 2001

The terrorism of tomorrow shall become truly individual: individuals and ad hoc organized small groups have ever better conditions to fight alone (what is more, they are more difficult to detect and to be annihilated). What we experience today is mainly the eruption of terrorism rooted on religion, which proves particularly dangerous due to the irrational, metaphysical motivation of terrorists, and determination resulting from that.

Studia Politologiczne, 2022

The article discusses main evolutionary trends in terrorism after 9/11. Analysing the phenomenon globally and with reference to the concept of so called "new terrorism", the articles points out the continuation of majority of trends in terrorism' evolution from the past, particularly on motivational and organizational level. The study stresses, however, significant quantitative growth in terrorist acts and changes in their geographical distributions. In addition, the article analyses reasons why the risks of super-and cyberterrorism did not materialized fully in last decades.

Introduction The topic of terrorism is both complex and emotive. It is complex because it combines so many different aspects of human experience, including subjects such as politics, psychology, philosophy, military strategy, and history, to name a few. Terrorism is also emotive both because experiences of terrorist acts arouse tremendous feelings, and because those who see terrorists as justified often have strong feelings concerning the rightness of the use of violence. Without a doubt, terrorism evokes strong feelings whenever it is discussed. A key challenge of understanding terrorism is both acknowledging the moral outrage at terrorist acts, while at the same time trying to understand the rationale behind terrorism. Terrorism is not a new phenomenon in human experience. Violence has been used throughout human history by those who chose to oppose states, kings, and princes. This sort of violence can be differentiated from what is termed as terrorism. Violence in opposition to a government is often targeted against soldiers and those who govern. Terrorism, however, is characterized by the use of violence against civilians, with the expressed desire of causing terror or panic in the population. Terrorism is not unique to the 20th and 21st centuries. Terrorism existed in 18th century revolutionary France during the reign of terror, as well as among the Zealots of Palestine in opposition to Roman rule some 2000 years ago. Arriving at a consensual definition of the phenomenon of terrorism has been a particularly difficult undertaking. Some definitions are either too specific or too vague, concentrating on some essential “terrorist” aspect of the actions, strategies, or types of non-state organizations that engage in terrorism. In this paper we draw on global approaches from international relations and world systems theories to propose a definition of terrorism that skirts these issues by concentrating on terrorist actors rather than terrorist behavior. Arguing that this approach has several advantages, including the dissolution of several empirical and analytical problems produced by more essentialist definitions, and the location of terrorism within a two dimensional continuum of collective-violence phenomena in the international system which discloses important theoretical insights. We proceed to examine the characteristics of terrorism by comparing it with other forms of violence in the international system. I propose that terrorism may be defined as being part of the cycles and trends of unrest in the world system, responding to the same broad families of global dynamics as other forms of system-level conflict. It is no secret that arriving at a consensual definition of terrorism is a difficult task. Some might say that constructing a characterization of terrorism that would be satisfactory for everyone is a downright impossible undertaking. It is much easier to point out the flaws in extant conceptions and usages of the term than to come up with a definition that would be free of those same faults, while being comprehensive enough to be both acceptable to most lay observers and useful for the conduct of academic research on the subject. Taking a birds-eye view of the field, it is clear what is wrong with current characterizations of terrorism: they are either too specific or too vague, they concentrate on particular (and theoretically arbitrary) aspects of the phenomenon while de-emphasizing others, or are too normatively oriented, mixing up descriptive and prescriptive terminology.

Bu çalışma ile terör, terörizm ve terörist kavramları, terörizmin oluşum, gelişim ve eylem aşamaları teori ve pratik uzmanlığı ile değerlendirilmiştir.