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2016, Pakistan Army Green Book
This paper addresses the questions of current prevailing international security situation vis-a-vis terrorism and the reasons of continuous threats from violent non-state actors to the states. The paper argues that the terror landscape has undergone changes and new trends and threats have emerged unlike the past experiences of global terrorism. At some fronts, there are successes while on several other there is downward spiral of violence. Both cases present new trends and new challenges which could be addressed by adopting new strategies. In short, this paper argues that the world is witnessing a period where experts and policy makers should look beyond the traditional approach of terrorism and focus on the transforming threat of terrorism.
electronic form only:: NE
In many states and their national security strategies, modern terrorism is marked as one of the main challenges. Aside from that, in many multilateral security documents terrorism is stated as one of the main challenges to global security. One can say that present-day terrorism in many aspects affects our security, as well as our general social and economic development. The understanding of this phenomenon, its development, its way of functioning, possible transformations and new forms is the necessary precondition for designing efficient counter-terrorist strategies. It seems that in the last several years we have been witnessing a new transformation of terrorism-it is becoming a threat that will be difficult to defeat with the resources and instruments that have so far been used in the fight against terrorism.
2013
Terrorism has been present in human history since ancient times, but it was not considered a serious threat for global security. The attacks on the World Trade Center have demonstrated that it is a threat of a global nature. It is an effective weapon used by the "weaker" against the stronger opponents. The subject of terrorism is very complex, difficult and elusive. There is a divergence among the scholars in understanding terrorism studies due to the lack of uniform criteria for the determination of a clear definition. Therefore, this article is an attempt to characterize the diversity of the terrorist activities that deviate from the “conventional” terrorism such as agro-terrorism, cyber-terrorism, super-terrorism, etc.). In addition, the paper stresses the need of combating terrorism as a partial solution to improve the safety of the international community.
2003
In the very beginning of the 21st century, the world is facing a new threat - global terrorism. This kind of terrorism is different from the terrorism the world used to know. It has different actors, different aims and more terrifying lethality. The attack on the World Trade Center, September 11, 2001, is the event that unquestionably proves that. After that terrifying incident it was clear that terrorists could attack in any way and anywhere, but the states would not know where to strike back. On the one side there is a little group of people armed only with knives and on the other are countries with powerful armies, air forces and nuclear weapons, but unable to respond adequately. It can be said that a new war is in the offing, the war that aims to end globalization, hegemony and Western World supremacy. As Jean Baudrillard expressed in his article "The Spirit of Terrorism": "The first two World Wars were classic wars. The first ended European supremacy and the colo...
«International Terrorism In The Modern Security Environment», Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Annual Conference of Young Researchers in European Studies, «The EU and Israel», 2019
The paper deals with the evolution of international terrorism in the security environment that was formed after the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, that is, after the radical change in the power correlations that emerged in the international system. In this context, the paper focuses on the analysis of the new security environment after the end of the Cold War, explaining the transition of the international system to a phase of greater instability. Specifically with regard to international terrorism, it describes the evolution of the general tendencies that characterize the phenomenon as an action with political content and defines the aims of terrorism that, despite appearing as religious, actually conceal purely political aspirations. Finally, the paper records the new forms of terrorist activity that are emerging in today's international environment and draws some conclusions concerning both the present and the the future of international terrorism.
IJPA, 2019
Terrorism attracted a lot of attention in recent year. Many theories have been developed by scholars to explain terrorism, its causes, while people resort to extreme violence to make their point. This paper examines some selected theories that could help us gain insight into terrorism and various activities associated with it. One of the major recommendation made by this paper is that terrorism as a global issue require increased global attention. There must be concerted effort from both state and non-state actors to halt further spread of terrorism. The paper concludes that given the increasing numbers of terrorist groups and the way they regenerate through a structured program of recruitment, adoption of modern technologies and modern weapons, the world as we know could be in a great danger of destruction.
2024
International terrorism has become particularly acute in recent years. Among the acute political, economic and social problems that concern the world, terrorism represents one of the main dangers. Nowadays, terrorism has entered everyday life, posing a real threat to the national security of many countries around the world. Purpose of the work: to study the problem of terrorism and its solution at the state level. The specificity and level of modern civilization is characterized by the existence of acute global problems that affect the fate of not only individuals, social groups, nations, classes, regions and continents, but all of humanity as a whole. Terrorism is one of the most dangerous and difficult to predict phenomena of our time, which is acquiring increasingly diverse forms and threatening proportions. Terrorist acts most often cause massive human casualties, entail the destruction of material and spiritual values that sometimes cannot be restored, sow hostility between states, provoke wars, mistrust and hatred between social and national groups, which sometimes cannot be overcome within the life of an entire generation. Terrorism on an international scale is increasingly becoming a factor in the geopolitical influence of world centers of power. The scale of terrorism and its interstate nature have made it absolutely necessary to establish an international system to counter it, coordinate the efforts of various states on a longterm basis and at the highest level, and create international organizations to combat it. Terrorism, having long gone beyond national boundaries, has acquired an international character. This crime belongs to those types of criminal violence, the victim of which can be anyone, even those who have not the slightest connection to the conflict that gave rise to the terrorist act. The transformation of the problem of international terrorism into one of the most pressing global problems of our time related to the sphere of international relations and geopolitical goals is due to the following reasons: 1) international terrorism is becoming increasingly widespread on a planetary scale. It manifests itself both in regions of traditional international conflicts (for example, the Middle East, South Asia, Russia), and even the most developed and prosperous states (in particular the USA and Western Europe) were not immune from this dangerous phenomenon; 2) international terrorism poses a serious threat to the security of individual states and the entire world community as a whole. Every year hundreds of acts of international terrorism are committed in the world, and their victims number thousands of killed and maimed people; 3) to combat international terrorism, the efforts of one great power or even a group of highly developed states are not enough. Overcoming international terrorism as an escalating global problem requires the collective efforts of the majority of states and peoples on our planet, the entire world community.
2011
"In the years since 9/11, terrorism has been transformed into an issue of global significance. Terrorism and the war on terror has affected virtually every aspect of modern life, and a precise understanding of terrorism is now more important – and contentious – than ever. This innovative text provides a much-needed critical introduction to terrorism. Cutting-edge research on contemporary issues is combined with new insights into long-debated issues such as the definition of terrorism, the nature of the terrorist threat and counter-terrorism strategies. Showing that the methods we adopt as well as the material we study are vital for a clear understanding of the subject, this text goes beyond traditional IR approaches to rethink popular beliefs and assumptions about terrorism. Taking a genuinely global and integrated approach, this book is an ideal entry into the study of terrorism. The text is supported by: • International case studies from around the world • A detailed glossary introducing key actors, events and concepts relating to terrorism • Learning aids to stimulate critical thinking, including discussion questions, further readings and selected web resources."
Terrorists activities in modern world are rampant, sporadical in nature, very threat and disastrous to the existence of man and his society. The increasing rate of these activities of the terrorists is strongly associated with the negative role of international politics, diplomacy and the western tactics and strategies of isolation, sanctions and conspiracy. But in any event the policy makers of the third world nations' in particular must be criticized of their failure to rise to the responsibility, alongside, failure to provide security to the lives and properties of their deluded masses, demand for the satisfaction of long term plans, political, economic, social and ideological interests. However, it is against this backdrop this study titled "Terrorism and International Politics in the 21 st century; The way forward" is carried out to examine the genesis/causes, motives and effects of this subject matter of our write-ups. In this study many published and unpublished materials as well as informants were consulted. The interest of the study is to acquaint the students, general reading public and world at large with the prevalence of various uprising, terrorists' activities in various ramifications and the concerted efforts of the governments concerned to overcome the unfortunate state of affairs which is nasty and disastrous in nature. Further to the above, it highlights the nature, character and manifestations of insurgencies and has on the other hand draws into light that radical Islamic terrorism shares many characteristics with ethnic, economic and political violence and rightly observed that all forms of terrorists activities are Islamically illegal and contrary to the law of Islam, inhumane and irreligious movements because are not purely on religious foundations. To the study, terrorism is no more but a despicable crime, since one person's terrorist is another's freedom fighter and terrorists are enemies that are not easily traceable, with myriad of complex motivations, as individuals and as groups. Terrorism is mysterious phenomena, a form of political violence, a tactic, not a movement, which represents the final escalation in the process of political violence. It is an act that cannot exist, if other non-violent are those of reform and conflict resolution were available to the dissidents. At the tail end, the study proffers solution to the challenges confronting security to lives and properties in the 21 st century.
Croatian International Relations Review, 2002
This paper tries to determine the cause-and-effect relations in the world trends which generate change in the stability of the world economies, especially of the small states, affecting in that way, global security, i.e. security of the world powers like the U.S.A. and others. Ability to locate potential centers of terrorism in the world is the most importance: for yesterday, today and tomorrow with the aim of achieving effective methodological approach to fight terrorism. Therefore, it is necessary to define economic, political and military factors which, at the global level and within the philosophy of trends, determine the world scene. Based on such research, with recognized potential consequences of the trends-motifs which produce a critical mass of discontent needed for generating a crisis or a terrorist act, this paper inaugurates a new shape of pre-emptive fight against incoming new wave of terrorism. The paper successively discusses the effects of determined world trends, pa...
Journal of US-China Public Administration Journal of US-China Public Administration, 2018
When and how does the ultra-right-wing terrorism period close as their mean in politics with the goal of deterrence and the destruction of the capitalist order? Why does the "Arabian jihad" shift its priorities from the "close enemy" to the "far enemy"? Why did terrorist violence appear more often, in the last couple of decades, in the countries where Muslims are the majority, or why are the perpetrators, in terms of terrorist acts, mostly Muslims? These are the questions which are in the academic discussion centre and analysis of our paper. The paper identifies the causes and discusses the "us" and "them" polarization. The goal is to explain what is behind these paroles through the analysis of world's authors: "War against terrorism", "Unity of a nation", and "The just war". From a theoretical and empirical point of view, emphasizing of the Islamic component in terrorism is unfair at least. We used qualitative research methods, including the desk research, to obtain necessary data to give answers on our research questions.
The most important challenge in the 21st century has been posed by the terrorist acts in different parts of the world. Terrorists respect no frontiers or boundaries. Terrorism is a crime against humanity. Terrorism is, in fact, premeditated, politically motivated violence committed against innocent civilians and non-combatants by individuals, groups or state agents. The emergence of global terrorism has marked tectonic shifts in this relativistic approach. As a rule, global terrorists commit individual acts of an intentionally provocative nature, which may include threats of murder or the assassination of state and political figures; the seizure of hostages or potentially hazardous facilities; bombings; or the release of poisons, radioactive substances, or biologically active agents. Terrorist acts at potentially hazardous facilities-enterprises working with chemicals, radioactive materials, or explosives; hydro technical structures; unique tall buildings; subways, surface rail, and air transport facilities-present a great danger to personnel and the public and cause substantial economic damage.
The most important challenge in the 21st century has been posed by the terrorist acts in different parts of the world. Terrorists respect no frontiers or boundaries. Terrorism is a crime against humanity. Terrorism is, in fact, premeditated, politically motivated violence committed against innocent civilians and non-combatants by individuals, groups or state agents. The emergence of global terrorism has marked tectonic shifts in this relativistic approach. As a rule, global terrorists commit individual acts of an intentionally provocative nature, which may include threats of murder or the assassination of state and political figures; the seizure of hostages or potentially hazardous facilities; bombings; or the release of poisons, radioactive substances, or biologically active agents. Terrorist acts at potentially hazardous facilities-enterprises working with chemicals, radioactive materials, or explosives; hydro technical structures; unique tall buildings; subways, surface rail, and air transport facilities-present a great danger to personnel and the public and cause substantial economic damage.
The research presented in this work highlights a complex and rapidly changing set of dynamics in global terrorism. While on the one hand the top-line statistics highlight an improvement in the levels of global terrorism, the continued intensification of terrorism in some countries is a cause for serious concern, and highlights the fluid nature of modern terrorist activity. 2015 saw the total number of deaths decrease by ten per cent, the first decline since 2010. The number of countries recording a death from terrorism also decreased by one. This decline in terrorism deaths is mainly attributed to a weakened Boko Haram and ISIL in both Nigeria and Iraq due to the military operations against them. However, expanded activities by both of these groups in other countries is posing new threats in other parts of the world. Boko Haram has expanded into Niger, Cameroon and Chad, increasing the number of people they have killed through terrorism in these three countries by 157 per cent. This research work lays emphasis on terrorism in the 21 st century.
This article attempts to have a world wide view about Terrorism. It depicts the modus operandi of terror groups and elucidates the history of terrorism. The writer goes further to unearth the reasons why terrorism is an escalating worry despite the billions of dollars voted as security budget globally by various countries. Finally, it is recommended that various steps including training and re-training of security forces with regards to terror related activities, increased intelligence gathering and international coalition support be taken to end the raging scourge of violence.
2019
The article examines the evolution of the term “terrorism”, analyzes the features of the modern stage of terrorism and assesses the profits of modern terrorist organizations. Authors studied the process of terrorism like the one that is becoming a lever of world politics at the present stage of human development. The publication substantiates the complexity of the influence of the functioning of international terrorist organizations on the social, political and economic situation of individual countries and the system of international relations in general. The trends of activity of international terrorist organizations are highlighted. The ways of hampering the terrorist threat are justified and proposed in the article.
Naval War College Review, 2005
Since 11 September 2001, the primary focus of American foreign policy has ostensibly been the “war on terror,” although the George W. Bush administration has also given priority to other objectives, such as Iraq and national missile defense. This emphasis on the threat of terrorism is extremely valuable for analytical purposes, because it draws attention to key aspects of security today—in particular the central paradox of how to deal with the increasingly diffuse character of threats with the means available to state actors, in what is still to a large extent an interstate system. There are at least two aspects to this problematic. The first is assessing the appropriate or most effective role of states and great powers in reacting to and dealing with terrorism and other direct forms of violence. The second is the relationship of contemporary forms of violence to wider social, economic, and political issues characteristic of the twenty-first century— issues that themselves are becoming increasingly transnationalized and globalized.
Defining, understanding but also fight against terrorism has taken a new shape after the attacks on the United States of America on September, 11 2001. Now terrorism has changed his view and enemies are not more specific certain countries but this is a global war and that in a certain moment the opponent may be one or more states of a specific region that directly threatening global security. In this paper we will elaborate what the international community has undertaken to coordinate actions to stop terrorism starting from military, police, intelligence cooperation and to the prevention of funding terrorist organizations through various acts within the global organization or even regional ones such as the UN and the EU and in each country separately for the single purpose of eliminating the threat fromterrorism.
JANUS NET e-journal of International Relation, 2021
The beginning of the twenty-first century is characterised by the emergence of a new political landscape significantly influenced by globalisation. The rising interconnectivity that results from this phenomenon implies the need to redefine the concepts of international politics, strategies, threats, and security. In parallel, new technologies have enabled transnational threats to develop and come up as a primary concern for the great powers and global governance. Based on the analysis of previous works and relevant studies on the field (Brown, 2017; Bannelier-Christakis, 2016; Jones, Pascual, & Stedman, 2009; Garcia, 2006), this essay explores the emergence of transnational terrorism and the expansion of religious extremism as major threats for states and individuals nowadays. While searching to answer the question of how to address terrorism and violent extremism, this article analyses diverse positions, measures, and consequences that have originated in a context of global insecurity. The increasing interdependency between internal and external security has called states to develop new strategies to maintain stability and order. The article emphasises the need to build partnerships and enhance collaboration at all levels to meet the challenges posed by transnational terrorism. In this context of growing insecurity, nations are urged to cooperate with different actors to protect their sovereignty and strengthen human security. Is the contemporary political landscape characterised by insecurity and disorder?
2017
In recent years terrorism has once again dominate the international agenda. The international community has witnessed successive violent demonstrations, and it is therefore appropriate to address the problems of this phenomenon and assess its changes over the years in order to identify the main differences. The conflict between States ceased to be the scene of armed conflicts, at least partially. The phenomenon of terrorism (re) arises but yet now on a global scale, surpassing tactical effects easily quantifiable and in a context where terrorism is presented as a violent action technique. This phenomenon, in itself, is not entirely new. Terrorism presents itself with a strategic reach capacity, not by actions but by its effects and consequences on a global scale and with significant impact on world public opinion. Thus, it is important to understand what are the main changes that terrorism has undergone over the last few years. This study consists in a holistic analysis methodology ...
De Securitate et Defensione. O Bezpieczeństwie i Obronności
In 2019, terrorism-related deaths decreased for the fifth consecutive year (by 15.5 %). However, the decline in the number of victims does not mean that there are no new, disturbing trends in the international system. Though, it is not easy to grasp the phenomenon of terrorism in the regions where asymmetric security threats coexist. Often, local armed conflicts and violence interlock terrorist actions. The following article has the form of a comparative study. The research goal is to identify trends taking place in the international and regional space related to the phenomenon of terrorism in years 2015-2022. The objects of research are the states most impacted by terrorism and selected states of the regional security complexes perceived as systems. Research has shown that the phenomenon of terrorism in the years 2015-2022 was associated with instability and conflict.
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