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Abstract
The acute toxicity of an organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos, on biochemical parameters of fish Gambusia affinis was evaluated under static condition. The sub lethal concentration of the insecticide chlorpyrifos was found to be 0.284 ppm indicating the high toxicity of the insecticide. Fishes were exposed to 1/10 th of sub lethal (0.0284 ppm) and the alteration of enzyme activity in liver and kidney of fish Gambusia affinis were studied at 15, 30 and 45 days of exposure. A significant increase in LDH activity in both tissue Liver and Kidney and the inhibition of ATPase leads to decreased ATP breakdown and reduced the availability of free energy was observed.
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Toxic impact of two organophosphate insecticides on biochemical parameters of a food fish and assessment of recovery response.
Toxicology and industrial health 28, 343–52 (2012)
Sublethal effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and monocrotophos (MCP) on fish biochemical constituents were investigated along with the assessment of recovery response after cessation of intoxication. The fish, Clarias batrachus were exposed to 1.656 mg -l and 2.114 mg -l of CPF and MCP for 28 days. After 28 days, they were released in freshwater and allowed to recover for 21 days. The CPF exposure resulted in the decrease of carbohydrate and glycogen content, whereas MCP intoxication caused mixed response. Pyruvate and lactate contents were altered under the stress of CPF and MCP. Recovery of these alterations was observed after the cessation of toxicity. Exposure of C. batrachus to CPF and MCP resulted in decreased activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the kidney, liver and muscle but its activity increased in the gills. The CPF caused inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase enzyme in all tissues. Induction in the activity of malate dehydrogenase was caused by both insecticides. Glycogen phosphorylase a was induced in all tissues, whereas glycogen phosphorylase ab showed both induction and inhibition. Of the two insecticides, CPF was more toxic and the recovery response was less. These results are important in the assessment of the risk caused by organophosphate insecticides on nontarget organisms, especially the food fish.
Toxic impact of two organophosphate insecticides on biochemical parameters of a food fish and assessment of recovery response. Toxicology and industrial health 28, 343–52 (2012)
Sublethal effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and monocrotophos (MCP) on fish biochemical constituents were investigated along with the assessment of recovery response after cessation of intoxication. The fish, Clarias batrachus were exposed to 1.656 mg -l and 2.114 mg -l of CPF and MCP for 28 days. After 28 days, they were released in freshwater and allowed to recover for 21 days. The CPF exposure resulted in the decrease of carbohydrate and glycogen content, whereas MCP intoxication caused mixed response. Pyruvate and lactate contents were altered under the stress of CPF and MCP. Recovery of these alterations was observed after the cessation of toxicity. Exposure of C. batrachus to CPF and MCP resulted in decreased activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the kidney, liver and muscle but its activity increased in the gills. The CPF caused inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase enzyme in all tissues. Induction in the activity of malate dehydrogenase was caused by both insecticides. Glycogen phosphorylase a was induced in all tissues, whereas glycogen phosphorylase ab showed both induction and inhibition. Of the two insecticides, CPF was more toxic and the recovery response was less. These results are important in the assessment of the risk caused by organophosphate insecticides on nontarget organisms, especially the food fish.
Assessment of the changes in some diagnostics enzymes in fish Gambusia affinis treated with pesticide chlorpyrifos
The acute toxicity of an organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos on enzyme activities of fish Gambusia affinis was evaluated under statistic conditions. The fish is constantly exposed to pesticides, which are used extensively to control agricultural pests. Evaluation of toxic effect of chlorpyrifos on fish was carried out. Effect of sub lethal (LC 50 ), 1/3 rd and 1/10 th LC 50 concentrations of chlorpyrifos at 15, 30 and 45 days of exposure was carried out in the sensitive organs such as liver. An alteration in the Acid phosphatase (ACP), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Adenosine triphosphatase enzyme (ATPase) was carried out. The enzyme ACP, ALP and LDH was elevated throughout the experimented period and the ATPase activity was inhibited along the experimental period at three different concentrations of chlorpyrifos.
Effects of Chlorpyrifos an Organophosphate Pesticide in Fish
Pesticides are one of the most potentially harmful toxic chemicals introduced into the environment. Though they have contributed considerably to human welfare, their adverse effects on non-target organisms are quite significant. Aquatic ecosystems that run through agricultural or industrial areas have high probability of being contaminated by runoff and ground water leaching by a variety of toxic pesticides which pose a potential direct threat to freshwater organisms, particularly to sensitive animals, such as fish. Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide and is highly toxic to freshwater fish. Fish have an important role in the food chain; therefore, investigation of the effects of toxic pesticides such as chlorpyrifos on fish has a diagnostic significance in evaluation of negative effects of pesticides to human health. Keeping in view of the above facts, in this review, an attempt has been made to elucidate the adverse impact of chlorpyrifos on the fish.
Toxicity of an Organophosphate Pesticide (chloropyrifos) on a common Niger Delta Wetland Fish - <i>Tilapia guineensis</i> (Blecker 1862)
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 2005
The acute and sublethal toxicity of an organophosphate pesticide (Chloropyrifos) on the juvenile of Tilapia guineensis was evaluated to determine its effect on the survival, body functions and heamatological values. The fish was exposed to varying levels of the toxicant (0.0125mg/l; 0.025mg/l; 0.05mg/l and 0.1mg/l) using 96hrs static bioassay to determine the median lethal concentration and median lethal time for the different concentrations. The mortality was found to increase with exposure and increase in concentration. The 96hrs median lethal concentration was 0.002mg/l while the 96hr median lethal time of 56.2hrs; 42.7hrs; 31.1 hrs and 18.2hrs were recorded for 0.0125mg/l; 0..025mg/l, 0.05mg/l and 0.1mg/l respectively. The operculum beat frequency (F = Cal 6.89 > P = 3.49) 0.05 and Tail beat frequency (F = Cal 4.46 > P (3.49) 0.05 were significantly affected by the exposure. A sublethal exposure to various concentrations (0.0006mg/l; 0.00125mg/l, 0.0025mg\l, 0.005mg/l) were observed to cause a progressive reduction in the number of leucocyte (F-Cal 15.4 > P (3.01) 0.05 and erythrocyte (F-Cal 14.39 > P(3.01)0.05 of the fish.The reduction in leucocye and erythrocyte number was significant indicating that the fish became anaemic.These conditions were more severe in the higher concentrations of the pesticide. @JASEM
Impact of organophosphate pesticides, methyl parathion and chlorpyrifos on some tissue enzymes in fish (Aphanius dispar)
2016
In the present study acute effects of methyl parathion and chlorpyrifos on tissue enzyme activity (acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were assessed in fish juveniles using enzyme analysis kit. Results depict both elevation and inhibition of enzymes in the treated fish. The results revealed significant elevation in ALT activity of both pesticide i.e., methyl parathion and chlorpyrifos by (105%) and (118%) as compared to control and inhibition in AChE, LDH, AST and ALP enzymes. The AChE and ALP activity levels decreased significantly (p< 0.05) in both pesticide treated groups. Significant decrease levels of ACP activity in fish tissue were noticed in methyl parathion treated fish. But in case of chlorpyrifos treated fish, increase in ACP activity (101%) was observed, however the increase was not significant (p< 0.05).
Toxic effects of chlorpyrifos on antioxidant enzymes and target enzyme acetylcholinesterase interaction in mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology 26, 192–8 (2008)
The recovery effect of chlorpyrifos (CPF) on antioxidant enzymes, locomotor behaviour and the target enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) interaction were studied after exposure to 297 g L −1 (LC 50 for 96 h) in mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes-superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase in viscera, and AChE in brain were inhibited at 96 h of exposure. However, induction in lipid peroxidation was observed. The antioxidant levels were restored to near control by 16-18 days. Similarly, swimming speed and AChE were also recovered but comparatively needs longer period. In vitro AChE study indicated that CPF alters the apparent K m values, resulting in a competitive type of inhibition and the inhibitory constant K i was found to be 4.57 × 10 −4 M. The results showed that the organophosphate CPF besides its inhibitory effect on target enzyme AChE also inhibits antioxidant enzymes, which can be used as biomarkers in the pesticide-contaminated aquatic streams.
Toxic effects of novel organophosphorus insecticide (RPR-V) on certain biochemical parameters of euryhaline fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 86, 78–84 (2006)
The euryhaline Wsh, Oreochromis mossambicus was exposed to sub-lethal concentration (0.017 mg L ¡1 ) of a novel phosphorothionate, 2-butenoic acid-3-(diethoxy phosphinothionyl) ethyl ester (RPR-V) for 30 days and allowed to recover for 7 days. Important biomarker enzymes were assayed in plasma, brain, gill, liver, kidney, and muscle during exposure tenures of day-3, -7, -15, -30, and also at 7 days (withdrawal) after stopping treatment. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities of brain, gill, and muscle were strongly inhibited by 67, 75, and 66%, respectively, on day-30. Exposure (time) dependent increases in alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), acid phosphatase (AcP), and alkaline phosphatase (AkP), activities in plasma and kidney; AcP and AkP activities in gill were noticed. However, signiWcant decrease in ALAT, ASAT, AcP, and AkP activities in liver was observed. The depletion of glycogen was observed in liver, brain, and gill tissues, an indication of typical stress related response of the Wsh with pesticide. A signiWcant increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in gill and brain was observed and decreased in liver and muscle, indicating tissue damage and muscular harm. Depletion of glutathione (GSH) was observed in the above tissues, there by enhancing the lipid peroxidation resulting in cell damage. The induction in hepatic glutathione-S-transferase (GST) levels indicates the protection against the toxicity of xenobioticinduced lipid peroxidation. There was a signiWcant recovery in all the above biochemical parameters, in all the tissues of Wsh after a recovery period of 7 days. These results revealed that RPR-V aVects the intermediary metabolism of O. mossambicus and the increase of biomarker enzymes in plasma, might be due to the necrosis of liver.
Toxic effects of novel organophosphorus insecticide (RPR-V) on certain biochemical parameters of euryhaline fish, Oreochromis mossambicus
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 86, 78–84 (2006)
The euryhaline Wsh, Oreochromis mossambicus was exposed to sub-lethal concentration (0.017 mg L ¡1 ) of a novel phosphorothionate, 2-butenoic acid-3-(diethoxy phosphinothionyl) ethyl ester (RPR-V) for 30 days and allowed to recover for 7 days. Important biomarker enzymes were assayed in plasma, brain, gill, liver, kidney, and muscle during exposure tenures of day-3, -7, -15, -30, and also at 7 days (withdrawal) after stopping treatment. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities of brain, gill, and muscle were strongly inhibited by 67, 75, and 66%, respectively, on day-30. Exposure (time) dependent increases in alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), acid phosphatase (AcP), and alkaline phosphatase (AkP), activities in plasma and kidney; AcP and AkP activities in gill were noticed. However, signiWcant decrease in ALAT, ASAT, AcP, and AkP activities in liver was observed. The depletion of glycogen was observed in liver, brain, and gill tissues, an indication of typical stress related response of the Wsh with pesticide. A signiWcant increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in gill and brain was observed and decreased in liver and muscle, indicating tissue damage and muscular harm. Depletion of glutathione (GSH) was observed in the above tissues, there by enhancing the lipid peroxidation resulting in cell damage. The induction in hepatic glutathione-S-transferase (GST) levels indicates the protection against the toxicity of xenobioticinduced lipid peroxidation. There was a signiWcant recovery in all the above biochemical parameters, in all the tissues of Wsh after a recovery period of 7 days. These results revealed that RPR-V aVects the intermediary metabolism of O. mossambicus and the increase of biomarker enzymes in plasma, might be due to the necrosis of liver.
Biochemical alterations in euryhaline fish, Oreochromis mossambicus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of an organophosphorus insecticide, monocrotophos. Chemosphere 65, 1814–1820 (2006).
The euryhaline fish, Oreochromis mossambicus was exposed to sub-lethal concentration (1.15 mg l À1 ) of a organophosphorus insecticide, monocrotophos (MCP) for 30 days and allowed to recover for seven days. Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), acid phosphatase (AcP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glycogen, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Reduced glutathione (GSH), gluthathione-S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), were assayed in plasma and different tissues at regular intervals of day À3, À7, À15, À30 and after recovery period of seven days.
Biochemical alterations in euryhaline fish, Oreochromis mossambicus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of an organophosphorus insecticide, monocrotophos.
Chemosphere 65, 1814–1820 (2006).
The euryhaline fish, Oreochromis mossambicus was exposed to sub-lethal concentration (1.15 mg l À1 ) of a organophosphorus insecticide, monocrotophos (MCP) for 30 days and allowed to recover for seven days. Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), acid phosphatase (AcP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glycogen, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Reduced glutathione (GSH), gluthathione-S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), were assayed in plasma and different tissues at regular intervals of day À3, À7, À15, À30 and after recovery period of seven days.
Sub-lethal toxicity of chlorpyrifos on Common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758): Biochemical response
International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 2014
Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate pesticide, is widely used to control pests in agriculture farms and orchards of fruit trees. In this study, the fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos which were determined based on numerical value of 96 h LC 50 . Blood was sampled after 10, 20 and 30 days and biochemical parameters including glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acetylcholinsetrase (AChE) activities were measured. Behavioral changes in the fish were also recorded during the experiment. Unbalanced swimming, swimming in the surface water and hyperglycemia, increased blood triglyceride, and increased levels of AST, LDH and CK activities as well as decreased levels of AChE activity were important changes that were observed in the specimens exposed to chlorpyrifos during ex...
Toxicity and effects of chlorpyrifos in a non-target organism (Fish) – A review
Agro chemicals are essentially meant for protecting agriculture crops against harmful insects and pests. They provide vital inputs required to augment food production and save crops from attack by a variety of pests in a safe and selective way. However, their chemical structure, improper preparation, application and storage may pose a serious threat to the environment. Aquatic ecosystems are the ultimate recipients of varying concentrations of different pesticide residues because of leaching, agricultural runoff, atmospheric transport, spray drift and improper disposal. When any pollutant is added to an aquatic ecosystem, it enters the tissues of various aquatic flora and fauna including fish leading to several biochemical and physiological alterations which may be adaptive or may lead to toxicity. Since major portion of the world´s nutritional requirement is being supplied from fishery resources, it is therefore, important to secure the health of fishes. In this paper, we have reviewed the toxic effects of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphorus compound and the second largest selling insecticide in India. Considering its acute toxicity and detrimental effects such as behavioural, morphological and other impairments in fish, it is therefore poses a serious threat to aquatic organisms as well as to the health of human beings. This review provides a base line data for further studies on the effect of various toxic chemicals aiming at determination, interpretation and delineation mechanisms of their pollutant action, possible ways to mitigate adverse effects and future environmental management programmes.
Sublethal effects of an organophosphorus insecticide (RPR-II) on biochemical parameters of tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP 143, 492–8 (2006)
The effect of exposure to sublethal concentrations (0.017 mg L − 1 , 1/10 of LC 50 ) of the novel organophosphate (OP) insecticide, 2-butenoic acid-3-(diethoxyphosphinothioyl) methyl ester (RPR-II) on biochemical parameters in Oreochromis mossambicus was studied during exposure for 3, 7, 15, 30 and its recovery response after seven days. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of brain, gill and muscle was inhibited by 67%, 77% and 73% respectively on day-30. The plasma and kidney alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) activity increased, while decreases were observed in gill and liver. Increases in acid phosphatase (AcP), and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activities were observed in plasma, gill, and kidney, and reductions of 20% and 61% in liver AcP and AP, respectively. Depletion of glycogen was observed in all tissues, an indication of typical stress related response of the fish with pesticide. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity decreased in liver and muscle, indicating tissue damage but a significant increase in LDH activity in gill and brain was observed. Depletion of glutathione (GSH) was observed in all tissues, thereby enhancing lipid peroxidation resulting in cell damage. The induction in hepatic glutathione-S-transferase (GST) levels indicates protection against the toxicity of xenobiotic-induced lipid peroxidation. There was a significant recovery in the above biochemical parameters, in all tissues of fish after a recovery period of seven days. These results revealed that the OP insecticide RPR-II is highly toxic and affects the intermediary metabolism of O. mossambicus.
Acute Toxicity of Organophosphate Insecticide Dichlorvos to Fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2020
Pesticides Toxicity in fish with particular reference to Insecticides
Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 2015
Effect of Organophosphate-Pesticide on the Freshwater Fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton)
Indian Journal of Natural Sciences Vol.8 / 44 , 2017
The Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Hamilton) was exposed to the organophosphate pesticide Phosalone and 1.5ppm, 2.5ppm and 4.0ppm were determined as sublethal, median lethal and lethal concentrations at 96 hr of exposure. These LC50 values indicate that the Phosalone is highly toxic to fish. The fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentration (1.5ppm) for 4 days and the changes in the biochemical constituents were studied. Significant changes in Respiratory, haematological, Biochemical and enzymological parameters in fish were observed. Several behavioural changes during the period of exposure were also observed and noted. The results obtained were discussed at length with the available literature.
Organ-specific ATPase and phosphorylase enzyme activities in a food fish exposed to a carbamate insecticide and recovery response
Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 2011
The acute effect of carbofuran, a carbamate insecticide, was studied on adenosine triphosphatase enzymes in gill, kidney, liver and muscle tissues of a food fish, Clarias batrachus. Glycogen and glycogen phosphorylase were investigated in gill and kidney only. Thirty-six fish were exposed to sublethal concentration (7.6 mg/L) for 6 days. After 6 days, 18 fish were released into freshwater in order to study the recovery response. Eighteen fish were kept in clean water as control. Tissues were isolated from control, exposed and recovery fish at the end of 1, 3 and 6 days and used for the assay of enzymes. Total ATPase was inhibited in kidney and muscle tissues throughout the exposure period, whereas branchial and hepatic tissues showed initial induction followed by inhibition. Na ? -K ? ATPase activity was induced in gill till day 3, whereas in other tissues inhibition was throughout the exposure period. Mg ?2 ATPase activity was inhibited in all tissues except liver. When the fish were released into freshwater, liver recovered almost to control values and other tissues showed organ-specific response. Glycogen content of gill increased initially followed by decrease, and in kidney initial decrease was noted. The recovery response was more in kidney than in gill. Induction in the activity of glycogen phosphorylases was observed in kidney, whereas gill tissue showed mixed response. Recovery was not observed in phosphorylases. Thus, the results of the present study demonstrated the acute effect of carbofuran on a food fish and organ-specific recovery response to insecticidal treatment.
Acute toxicity of an organophosphate insecticide sumithion to striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus
Toxicology Reports, 2019
Sumithion is widely used for crop safety and eradication of tiger bugs (Cicindela spp.) from larval rearing aquaculture ponds. To satisfy the high demand of fries and fingerlings of widely cultured species striped catfish, spawns are produced in large scale in the hatcheries through hormone induced breeding, and subsequently these spawns are reared in nursery ponds and marketed to fingerlings vendors for stocking in grow-out ponds. Considering the importance of healthy fries and fingerlings the present experiment was conducted to evaluate the toxic effects of sumithion on striped catfish fingerlings. Fish were exposed for 96 h to six concentrations of sumithion (0, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 mg/l) each with three replications. The 96 h LC50 value was calculated using probit analysis. After 96 h of exposure fishes were sacrificed to measure hemato-biochemical (Hemoglobin, Hb; Red blood cell, RBC; White blood cell, WBC and blood glucose) parameters. In addition, formation of micronucleus (MN) was examined in the blood erythrocytes. The 96 h LC50 value of sumithion for striped catfish was 5.886 mg/l. The values of RBCs and Hb decreased significantly in different concentrations of the toxicant compared to control, while the values of WBC and blood glucose levels showed opposite scenario. Consequently, the frequencies of formation of MN increased significantly in different concentrations of the toxicant compared to the control. The results of the current study denoted that sumithion exerts toxicity to striped catfish. It is expected that the findings of the present research will help in the development of awareness of the concerned people about the toxic effect of sumithion as well as other insecticides and pesticides in the environment.
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