SEMINAR- CARDIAC PACEMAKER

2010

The present work describes the design and analysis of a control system for regulating the heart rate using pacemaker in an efficient way. The total control system in this work is considered to be composed of cardio vascular system duly energized by one pacemaker system as operated in a closed loop manner with unity negative gain in the closed loop feedback path. The design emphasizes on the optimality in operation of the control process as determined by the performance index (PI) of the total process. For attaining the optimality in performance (as realized in terms of PI), one compensator is, however, used along with the cascade arrangement of the cardio vascular system driven by the concerned pacemaker. Hence, the overall open loop transfer function in the forward path is simply the product of the transfer functions of the pacemaker, the cardio vascular system and the compensator system. The controllability and the observability of the system are tested, and the system is found to...

2007 Computers in Cardiology, 2007

Implanted cardiac pacemakers are becoming more sophisticated. However, accurate detection of pacemaker stimuli is a problem for most ECG machines because of the very short duration of the stimuli, sometimes only 0.3ms. In addition, the relatively new technique of biventricular pacing involves two closely timed stimuli to activate the ventricles separately. Detection of all stimuli in a paced patient is therefore becoming increasingly difficult for conventional ECG machines. In order to address this problem, a more recently developed electrocardiograph, namely the Burdick Atria 6100, introduced enhanced front end electronics. This study assessed its accuracy in detecting pacemaker stimuli and assessed the choice of lead for their detection. 51 patients were initially recruited. Five were excluded for various reasons. Pacemaker activity was detected in 45/46 patients and in 16/16 patients with biventricular pacemakers, two closely paced stimuli were detected.

Journal of Electrocardiology, 1979

A microcomputer controlled device for delivering precisely timed stimuli to cardiac chambers is described. Stimulation patterns are determined by software, rather than hardware design, resulting in enhanced flexibility. Additionally, by providing timing inputs to conventional laboratory stimulators, this instrument can convert these limited use devices into ones capable of generating complex cardiac stimulation patterns at moderate cost.

Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 1985

Computer simulation of dual chamber pacemaker algorithms using a realistic heart model. Single and dual chamber pacing algorithms have been incorporated into a realisd'c compuler model of cardiac electrical activation. The model enables dijjerenl pacemaker aJgorifhms to be tested, it allows prediction of iheir behavior, and if produces a simulated ECG record for each case. The computer model has been used to test eight different modifications of a simple DDD mode to prevenl or (erminale pocemaker-mediafed "endless loop" tachycardia: (1} constant prolongation of the atrial channel refractory period; [2} prolongation of the atrial refractory period after a ventricular premature heal fVPB); (3) atria/ pacing synchronously witb a VPB: [4} simple ra(e conlrol; f5) rate control in which (he VA counter is not reset: {6} no ventricular pacing after an atrial premature bea(; (7) rate limitation of atriai sensing; and (8) a comhinalion of DDD and high frequency atrial stimulafion modes. These modijications were lested wi(h VPBs, atrial premature bents, afrial sfimu/ation without capfure. and accelerafing sinus tachycardia. Only the pacemaker designed not to pace ihe ventricles following an Qtrial premalure beaf behaves satisfactorily in all four circumstances. Furlher possibilities for the developmenl and use of a pacemaker-orienfed computer heart model are discussed.

The paper describes implementation of a new technology of digital systems design in case of medical measurement interface of IMPULS system used for acquisition of ECG signal from pacemaker patients. Similarly as in other today applications, the processor circuit is a base of digital system, however – regarding large number of performed tasks – it is assisted by additional peripheral logic circuits. At the beginning, there were used standard elements (logic gates, counters, registers, etc.), however, a growing complexity of beyond processor operations encouraged designers to apply the programmable circuits. The paper presents the stages of digital system development that has been implemented in medical measurement interface. It is the excellent example of possibility to integrate several standard elements in one integrated circuit.

2011

This paper presents a method for designing and producing a temporary cardiac pacemaker device to cure cardiac arrhythmia. To produce this device Schmitt Trigger Circuit was used to control rate, Op-Amp comparator circuit to regulate pulse width, monostable to regulate pace refractory period and sense refractory period, and it is worthy to mention hat pacemaker works in VOO and AOO. Parameters of this device were measured by employing Sigmapace 1000.

Measurement, 1989

The object of the so-called Electrocardiographic Inverse Problem is the algorithmic analysis and diagnosis of the electrocardiogram (ECG). A part of this general problem is the Pacemaker Inverse Problem, which means the analysis of the ECG in order to establish details of heart-pacemaker interaction (HPI) with special reference to the diagnosis of pacemaker failure. The solution to this problem is of practical importance, because it is often impossible to evaluate such records clinically. The ECG patterns of natural cardiac activity and of the events stimulated by the pacemaker may not be distinguishable and many combinations of potential response of the implanted device have to be taken into account. A computer system providing automatic analysis of the HPI, based on ECG data, has been developed and implemented on an IBM PC AT computer. The system uses a complex algorithm which enables the evaluation of all possible combinations of HPI events, and establishes for each of these combinations its correspondence to the specified pacemaker algorithm. The system is written in Turbo Pascal and its source text has more than 11000 lines.

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 1997

Abstruct-An automatic physiological control system for the actively filled, alternately pumped ventricles of the volumetrically coupled, electrohydraulic total artificial heart (EHTAH) was developed for long-term use. The automatic control system must ensure that the device: 1) maintains a physiological response of cardiac output, 2) compensates for any nonphysiological condition, and 3) is stable, reliable, and operates at a high power efficiency. The developed automatic control system met these requirements both in vitro, in week-long continuous mock circulation tests, and in vivo, in acute open-chested animals (calves). Satisfactory results were also obtained in a series of chronic animal experiments, including 21 days of continuous operation of the fully automatic control mode, and 138 days of operation in a manual mode, in a 159-day calf implant. Zndex Terms-Artificial biological organs, biological control systems, blood pumps, implantable biomedical devices, microprocessor applications. H. C. Kim is with the Artificial

International Journal of Medical Science, 2014

This paper the design and development of Micro-controller based ECG simulator intended to use in testing, calibration and maintenance of ECG machines and to support biomedical engineering student's education. It generates all 12lead ECG signals of varying heart rate, amplitude and different noise contamination in a manner which reflects true noninvasive conditions. Since standard commercially available electronic components were used to construct the prototype simulator, the proposed design was also relatively inexpensive to produce. It is portable battery operated instrument with alphanumeric LCD display and keyboard for waveform selection. The operator can control the amplitudes of various signals and the name of selected signal will appear on 16X2 LCD display. The aim of the ECG tester is to produce the typical ECG waveforms of different leads combinations and as many arrhythmias as possible. The ECG simulator enables us to analyze and study normal and abnormal ECG waveforms without actually connecting it patients. During testing of ECG machines it is not possible to connect it to patient hence this instrument facilitates to the task. This can also used as teaching aid for Engineering and medical college laboratories for cardiac signal study and testing [3].

The American Journal of Cardiology, 2001