Immigrants and labor market: a comparative perspective

International Labour Review, 2006

2020

The right to work is one of the fundamental pillars of the Italian Constitution (Articles 1 and 4); it is granted to everyone as an instrument for the social, economic and material development of the Nation. However, the Italian Government is free to define certain areas of economic initiative (Article 41) that are considered strategic and of high interest. Italian legislation safeguards the learning of professional skills and the development of an apprenticeship, with no distinction between different types of migrants: asylum seekers and refugees, for example, can be employed after 60 days from the authorisation to stay in Italy. Instead, in Italy, access to employment, from which so-called economic migration can result, is decided by the Presidency of the Minister Council by adopting a specific Flows Decree that indicates the quotas of foreign workers admitted to Italy, divided by type of employment, residence permit and nationality. The governance of active labour policies is sub...

2004

found that the impact of immigrants on the wage rates of natives was positive. This result has led to the present paper which analyses the effect of immigrants on native employment.

In little more than a decade, Italy has become a country characterized by immigration from abroad. This pattern is far removed from what central-northern European countries experienced during the 1950s and the1960s. Immigration has not been explicitly demanded by employers, nor has been ruled by agreements with the immigrants. countries of origin, nor perceived as necessary for the economic system. For all these reasons, immigration has been chaotic and managed in an emergency and approximate way, even though it is deemed useful and is requested by the .informal. as well as the .official. economy. Following presentations of statistics on trends in the phenomenon, three issues are analysed: - how immigrants are integrated into a labour market that has not called them and into circumstances characterized by the absence of public policies to help them in their job search. - whether it is possible to separate regular immigration involved in the .official. market from irregular immigration in the hidden economy, considering advantages of the first and harmful effects of the second for the Italian socio-economic system. - whether it is appropriate to address complementarity between immigrant labour and the national labour force in a country with 2,500,000 unemployed workers and heavy territorial unbalances.

2018

[EN] The integration of migrants into the labour market plays a central role for state-led integration efforts in Germany. This applies both to newly arrived migrants as well as to third-country nationals that have been living in Germany for a longer time already or have been born here. In three chapters the study presents (1) legal and organisational framework conditions for labour market integration and statistics on the status of third-country nationals’ participation in the labour market, (2) government measures at the federal level to improve the labour market integration of third-country nationals, and (3) initiatives and measures by companies and private-sector associations to improve the recruitment, arrival and retention of international employees. Measures and framework conditions for the labour market integration of asylum-seekers, refugees and students are not touched upon in this study. This Working Paper was co-authored with Janne Grote and published as part of the European Migration Network (EMN). A European Synthesis Report is available.

In order to highlight third country nationals’ (TCN) integration processes in the Italian context, the chapter, based on the data collected for the PRIMTS research project (state of art, statistics, and fieldwork), analyzes the demographic, economic, social, and political factors that have shaped the migratory flows and the immigrants’ position in labour market and society. The PRIMTS project’s approach takes into account the definitions of integration at the background of the possible indicators of immigrants’ incorporation in the society (regular permit, work, and housing) and in relationship to political “models” expressing a certain idea of the social relations. This implies that the incorporation of migrants in the host society can be achieved in different ways, by various policies and institutional arrangements, following the different “models” that are usually divided between assimilation and integration (with various nuances) (Tambiah 2000). A large part of the chapter will focus on policies, laws, and proceedings concerning immigration that have been introduced in Italy in the course of the last 15 years. Through the combined analysis of statistical data, existing studies, and policies it is possible to define the type of incorporation of TCN in the Italian labour market and a sort of “Italian model” of integration, producing effects on TCN everyday lives.

2009

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2015

Executive summary Over the last five years Spain has turned into one of the most important receiving countries for immigrants in the European Union (EU). The recent nature of these flows combined with the fact that a significant proportion of immigrants have an irregular status presents difficulties in terms of accurate and up to date statistical information and assessment of flows. New immigration is mainly from Latin American, North African and Eastern European countries, with proportionately less now coming from other EU countries. Immigrants continue to be concentrated in certain economic sectors – agriculture, construction, domestic service and the hotel trade – and certain geographical areas. While they have a higher participation rate than Spaniards, age and gender profiles vary according to country of origin. These profiles can be related to economic sector / occupational trajectories. Immigration has occurred during a period of steady economic growth in Spain, and the secto...

OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, 2009

This series is designed to make available to a wider readership selected labour market, social policy and migration studies prepared for use within the OECD. Authorship is usually collective, but principal writers are named. The papers are generally available only in their original language-English or French-with a summary in the other.