The Security Dilemma: A Case Study on India and Pakistan

The South Asian region is declared the most politically unstable place, where suicide bombings, target killings and political, sectarian and ethnic assassinations are common threat to the security of the region, which ultimately laid its impact on the world. Threat to the security of the region and world was accelerated after the US war on terror in Afghanistan. Terrorists' activities carried out gradually by militant organizations in Afghanistan seeped into Pakistan and tarnished and implicated her security fabric resulting in her security hazards, huge human loss and international image calamity. Poverty and lack of education also added severity to the issue. Indian element working in Afghanistan in the name of building up and help also aggravated the situation. Pakistan had been looking towards outer world particularly US to help resolve this critical situation. However, Pakistani armed forces came forward and took steering seat and controlled the situation to a large extent. Pakistan armed forces are resolute to keep up their operation till the last terrorist is finished.

The issue of terrorism has brought major shifts in the global political landscape especially after the tragic events of 9/11. South Asian region, with a characteristic volatility in its security environment due to India-Pakistan rivalry felt the shocks of global terror waves to a much greater extent than the rest of the world. Pakistan being a front line state in the global war against terrorism and a Muslim majority state had to bear an additional brunt of Indian hegemonic hostile state behavior which reached its highest ebbs in the post 9/11 South Asian political milieu. The two pressing issues of long held Indian hegemonic designs and global surge in violent religious extremism have deep ramifications for an already troubled India-Pakistan relations equation. A comprehensive understanding of these two phenomena is vital to understand the dynamics of contemporary South Asian regional security architecture. This paper takes into account the acrimonious relations between the two major actors, India and Pakistan, the forces at work in escalating their mutual distrust and antagonism and the impact on the security environment of South Asia.

isara solutions, 2020

India was partitioned in the backdrop of large-scale communal riots, but the partition of the country on religious lines, without taking into consideration its multiple identities, instead of bringing the communal tensions down, in fact, worsened the situation. The continuing tensions between India and Pakistan have a direct bearing on the internal situation in India. They have further complicated the internal security situation. India is comprised of a rich mosaic of ethnicities, cultures, and religions. As the Economist notes, "Outside the cosseted places where rich Indians and foreigners gather, Indians have long been used to conflict and terror." 1 India's emerging threat environment, including compulsion and imperatives from the changing dynamics of power and global order, encompass military challenges. The prime focus among these objectives is economic development, technology, political and social stability, capacity building for current and future threats and the importance of indigenous development for defence. India's land borders exceed 15,000 km which it shares with seven countries including a small segment with Afghanistan (106 km) in northern Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). China is likely to remain the long-term challenge and Pakistan a receding threat, but China-Pakistan collusion has always raised the gravest concerns. Issues related to Afghanistan such as increasing sub-conventional threats from within and outside the country are enunciated. India's national objectives have evolved out of multifaceted components of 'Comprehensive National Power' that connect defence and diplomacy. Pakistan's future strategy and India's response options, and also the motivations and actions of Pakistan's 'deep state', have amplified the security concerns. Intelligence, internal security, financial support, India's space programme, cyber security, defence research, development strategy, economic warfare, energy security and defence production address important, intricate, and complex issues are requiring very detailed comprehension by those in charge at ministerial and other bureaucratic levels as the state's prime function is to provide the political good of security, to prevent cross-border invasions, infiltrations, any loss of territory, to eliminate domestic threats or attacks upon the national order and social structure, to prevent crime and any related dangers to domestic human security and to enable citizens to resolve their disputes with the state and with their fellow inhabitants without recourse to arms or other forms of physical coercion. 2

Conflict and Cooperation in South Asia: Role of Major Powers, 2020

The security architecture of South Asia is undergoing some visible trends. The region is home to the ongoing rivalry between two nuclear states: Pakistan and India. The rivalry has also shifted to the western border of Pakistan in Afghanistan where the US is trying for peaceful exit in wake of the resurgent Taliban. China is helping Pakistan with its belt and road initiative by investing billions of dollars through the China Pakistan Economic Corridor. Russia and Iran have made contacts with the Taliban while Pakistan has initiated active diplomacy to find a regional solution to the Afghan problem. Pakistan and Sri Lanka both have defeated terrorist inside their territories but there is a spillover of ethnic and religious groups across the boundaries. Given these trends, the paper seeks to analyze the South Asian security architecture and determine the role of Pakistan in the unfolding situation.

Research Journal of Social Sciences & Economics Review (RJSSER), 2020

The first and foremost essential task for any state is to secure its national security and integrity. This paper explores the fundamental essentials of national security such as territorial integrity, internal and external sovereignty, socio-political stability, economic solidity, cultural cohesiveness, and national solidarity. The objectives of this research work are to investigate the significance and applicability of national security for any state. This research is based on content analysis. This case study of Pakistan is selected to investigate the essential elements, internal and external elements of security in Pakistan in the light of the framework of security at the global level. The current study indicated that the notion of National Security had reformed in the 21st century. Now National Security interpretation will be elaborated from different threats such as territorial security, sovereignty, and economic, social, political, and environmental security. The research explores that contrary to external threats, Pakistan is facing internal threats such as political contradictions, ethnic origins, sectarianism, and militant organizations that also troubled the security situation.

Security means safety to be precise. In the global age, the security issues of any country have become more complicated and more serious and it is due to this process of globalization where communication and transportation of people, goods as well as technology has become so easy.

India's security is influenced by events in South Asia due to historical, geographical and demographic imperatives. Time has been a witness to the disappearance of convergence of interests and synergies rooted in common colonial experience of the South Asian countries. The biggest challenge for the South Asian countries has been the national consolidation into their new identities, which generated its own external and domestic dynamics due to plural nature of their societies. This has been proved with the break up of Pakistan and birth of Bangladesh. It is argued that mutual distrust is the natural bane of their relations. However this does not exist in the same degree and manner amongst all countries in the sub continent. It is deep between India and Pakistan. This distrust influences not, only the relationship between India and Pakistan and India and other countries of the region but also relationship amongst the countries of the region. The region has seen four major wars and several near wars. Indo-Pak crisis over nuclear tests by both of them and the low intensity conflict over Kashmir are viewed as a flashpoint. Tensions between pluralist democratic governments and unitary form of non-pluralist governments in the sub continent further add to the imbalances and tensions. The situation has resulted in the involvement of extra regional powers in South Asian conflicts, thus making the situation complex and complicating intra regional relations. l South Asia comprises of seven independent states, with over one sixth of world's population and numerous ethnic, religious and linguistic groups is the theatre of ethnic and religions violence which is transnational in its nature and implications. The ethnic, religious and linguistic overlap has not only affected internal political developments in each state but 1 1

isara solutions, 2015

The issue of national security has ever been an issue of top priority for the nations in human history and all the efforts to secure its national interests have been made as the core of national policy. India after its independence in 1947 faced very severe challenges and hostile surroundings to its security and stability. Not only external threats but the country had been facing various challenges from inside many of them still exists. It was really a very hard work to save guard our comprehensive national interest with limited national resources and enormous international pressure of cold war politics. The present work investigates various problems and prospects of our national security issues including constant efforts of our country to meet the challenges successfully