a study of child trafficking (2).docx

The research titled “Study on Trafficking in Women and Minor Girls’ in Kokrajhar District of Bodoland, Assam” and journey of doing this research began with an exhaustive review of literature. Apart from books and dissertations, online and internet sources have been used extensively to understand the issue of trafficking of women and minor girls. It is an exploratory study employing qualitative research methodology, applying case study method for data collection by interviewing the women and minor girls’ who are rescued trafficked survivors. Having gone through exhaustive review of literature, it was found that there is dearth of literature on this emerging phenomenon of trafficking in women and minor girls from the perspective of domestic bonded labour from the North East. This study was done with specific objectives in mind due to the wide scope of the research. To begin this research, some core research questions were formulated that needed to be answered through qualitative research methodology. Flowing from the research questions, the researcher formulated the main objectives and the sub-objectives of the research. Main Objective To explore the root causes of trafficking, and why and how women and minor girls are targeted by the traffickers. Specific objectives  To understand socio-economic status of the families of trafficked women and minor girls.  To explore the causes that lead to trafficking of women and children, within the family and the external environment.  To understand experiences of trafficked victims with regard to the process of trafficking and the post-trafficking phase.  To understand the social supports available to rescued victims with regard to their rehabilitation. Methodology and data analysis For the analysis of the data generated from the research, various themes and sub-themes were been identified and categorised looking at the aspects of age, education, social background (tribe, religion, family & economic status, family bonding), ethnic conflicts (between Adivasi/Santhali & Boro community), displacement, migration, poverty, curiosity & desires, lack of information, reasons leading to induction (of women & girls), process of induction, nature of work and remuneration, work experiences, perceptions about trafficking and future aspirations of the six case studies, from whom data was extensively collected. Major findings and conclusion The problems of ethnic conflict, displacement, insurgency, unemployment, poverty, improper information & weak communication between parents and children, influences of external environment and curiosity & desires about city life are some of the determining factors that have emerged from the study. All of these factors are interlinked and its complexity leads to social stigma for the victims. Despite the social stigma and various social push and pull factors within and outside of the region, yet, all the six respondents have positive future aspirations about their lives. Every one of them wants to be a good human being and lead a standard life. They all live in hope.

Human trafficking is a major problem and is the third largest Organized Crime. Drugs and Arms trade rank first and Second. India is considered as the hub of Human trafficking in Asia. Nearly 80 % of human trafficking in the world is because of sexual exploitation and remaining for bonded labour. According to the definition of the United Nations – " trafficking is any activity leading to recruitment, transportation, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or a position of vulnerability ". In an article published in The Times of India – Karnataka is the third state in India for human trafficking. Other South Indian states are also the most sought after destinations for human trafficking. Every year more than 300 such cases are reported in each of the four south Indian states. Whereas West Bengal and Bihar, on an average have 100 such cases each year. As per the data, more than half of the human trafficking cases are from these states. Kids especially girl and young women are taken from their homes and sold in faraway states of India for sexual exploitation and to work as bonded labour by the agents who lure their parents with education, better life, and money for these kids. Agents do not send these kids to school but sell them to work in brick kilns, carpentry units, as domestic servants, beggars etc. Whereas girls are trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Even these girls are forced to marry in certain regions where female to male sex ratio is highly disturbed. Hence this study to identify the magnitude and the reasons for child trafficking as as to conceptually frame for the prevention of the problem

Afro Asian Journal of Social Sciences, 2014

The present study highlights the trafficked child of the cross border regions of west Bengal, India. This paper is the outcome of the authors' qualitative thoughts regarding child trafficking issue which inspired them to deal the issue in different dimension. Research reports and publications of different organizations working in the area of trafficking were reviewed for this study. The authors visited different areas of North 24 parganna district of West Bengal for collecting data and used unstructured interview and case study methods for the purpose of this paper. The study exposes that demand for young girls is very high in sex trade especially in the bordering areas. The study identified poor socioeconomic condition, unorganized labour force, political apathy, parental debt, parental attitude towards the education of girl child, lack of educational opportunities, and social inequality as the root cause of trafficking. Finally the study concludes that the children can no longer be considered as passive recipients of services. The most important issue is, being a human; a person has to be treated by another as 'human', not as 'commodity', and with this it is essential to set up a strong anti-trafficking network to combat this phenomenon and rescue the innocence of childhood.

Trafficking of children is one of the gravest offensive crimes worldwide. Child trafficking is rapidly expanding in several forms of exploitation. United Nations statistics demonstrates that " every year more than millions people are traded and trafficked against their wish or forced to work into slavery, and majority of victims are counted as children ". On other side, amongst all South Asian countries, India is rated as one of the fastest growing countries in the trafficking for modern sex slavery, where nearly 90 percent trafficking in human beings, specifically children and women for commercial sex tourism that happens within state boundaries. At the same time, trafficking in children occurs cross border also specifically from Nepal, Pakistan and Bangladesh. In India, countless number of children are trafficked not only for sex slave or prostitution but also for other forms of humiliation namely; agricultural activities, debt bondage, domestic service, forced and compulsory labor, begging, organ donate and false marriages etc. Child trafficking can be seen as violation of basic human rights, dignity and respect. This article highlights the major aftermath effects of the child trafficking. These effects include, physical, and mental health of the children and this paper describes challenges that constraint to prohibit the child trafficking in its all forms. This paper concludes with the necessity of social work implications to combat the modern

Abstract: Every day, children are being bought, sold and transported away from their homes. The trafficking of human beings particular children has become a multi-dollar business that appears to be growing. Child trafficking is illegal. It is also extremely harmful, as trafficked children are physically and sexually exploited. The United Nations estimates that 246 million children across the world are involved in exploitative labour and that 1.2 million children are trafficked each year. About one million children are exploited in the multi-billion dollar sex industry. Next to drug and gun trafficking, human trafficking is the third top criminal industry in the world. What used to be reported as a one billion dollar trade annually in early 2000, is now reported to generate a yearly profit of around US$ 10-12 Billion. A US state department report has placed India on its second worst category of human trafficking watch list for the fifth year in a row, for allegedly failing to show evidence of increasing efforts to combat the problem. In the report, India is described as a “source, destination and transit country for men, women and children trafficked for the purpose of forced labour and commercial sexual exploitation. Ignorance, limited resources and poor execution of the protective programmes and policies for children further creates many problems and the problem of trafficking seems to be finding no redress in the near future. It is in this backdrop the present paper attempts to suggest some possible suggestion to check the problem of social menace i.e. child trafficking.

Trafficking in children and women has become one of the most vicious abuses of human rights. But it is very hard to fathom the magnitude of the concept as trafficking which is closely related to child labour, bonded labour, child marriage, kidnapping and abduction and prostitution even though these things can exist also independent of trafficking. The results of any immoral and unethical practice can never be positive and fruitful to the national interest. The evil of trafficking in women and children has become a parasite which we are bearing in our body and it has become both a human rights and developmental issue and thus this practice has long listed consequences. According to a new report from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the vast majority of all human trafficking victims are women and girls and one third are children. Men and boys, however, are trafficked into exploitative labour, including work in the mining sector, as porters, soldiers, and slaves. Worldwide, 28 per cent of trafficking victims are children, but children account for 62 per cent in Sub-Saharan Africa and 64 per cent in Central America and the Caribbean. This paper has tried to analyse the nature, causes, modes and volume of women and child trafficking in India. The paper points out the need to evolve a multidimensional approach and focuses attention on structural factors of trafficking and to recommend effective suggestions to combat the social evil.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND INNOVATION, 2020

Child trafficking can be held as one of the most inhuman criminal activities at the contemporary age of human civilization. The growth of child trafficking across the globe has made it a serious International issue concerning the future of the humanity. The trafficked children are then again forced to commit several activities with inhuman legacies, like terrorisms, prostitution, slaved/bonded labour, etc. This issue is more common in Developing and Least Developed countries and since India is a developing country, such issues are expected to be at a significant height. Again NorthEastern Region of India has been living under serious isolation from whatever developments are taking place in the mainstream India. It is even alleged that NorthEastern Region has mostly faced negligence at the hands of rest of the India. As a result, underdevelopment has become the fate for most of the population of this Region for which instances, like child trafficking is also increasing in the region. This paper focuses on the instances of child trafficking in the region along with its causes and concerns and the efficiency of the legal mechanism adopted to tackle such issues of child trafficking in the Region.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CREATIVE RESEARCH THOUGHTS, 2022

Human trafficking is a heinous crime against humanity and it is a severe violation of human rights in India as well as across the globe. The issue of trafficking has enticed sufficient public and political concern over the recent years. There is a need to put the victims at the centre of the anti-trafficking policies and a strong emphasis to uphold the rights of the victims. The process of rehabilitation and reintegration of the victims of commercial sexual exploitation commands particular attention. West Bengal has been chosen for this study because the state accounts for around 78% of the trafficked victims nationally. Commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) is the dominant purpose of trafficking in the state. There is a need to focus on the post-rescue life of the victims because after the victims are rescued they are burdened with stigma, shame, fear and a host of other insecurities subjected by the society. They have a lot of difficulty in facing the family and the community and are also at the increased risk of being re-trafficked. What are the existing rehabilitation mechanisms for reintegrating the victims of CSE back into the society in West Bengal?

Great Britain Journal Press. London Journal of Research in Humanities & Social Science., 2024

Every day, thousands of women and children are trafficked. India is a country that is both a transit and a destination in the broader context of trafficking in South Asia. There is some trafficking from India to the Gulf States and Southeast Asia, in addition to a significant amount of trafficking within the country. Within the nation, there is also the sale of children and their trans-state transit. A report released by the National Human Rights Commission of India claims that 11,000 children go missing out of 40,000 kidnappings annually. According to non-governmental organizations, every year, the sex trade involves the trafficking of between 12,000 and 50,000 women and children into the country from adjacent countries. National Commission for Women declared in 1997 In Bombay alone, 40 000 girls between the ages of 10-16 years were selling their bodies from their doorsteps. MAITI Nepal published in September 1999 that there are about 1 to 2 lakh Nepali girls in Indian brothels alone, with about 5-7 thousand being sold every year. Another report suggests that more than 40,000 girls in the Calcutta Sonargachhi red light area are Nepalese. But all these figures are related to prostitution, very little information is available on the other forms of trafficking. According to ILO estimates, 21 million people are enslaved or forced into employment. Among them, one in four are said to be younger than eighteen. It is believed that 5.5 million children are trafficked globally. They experience abuse, exploitation, and violence, which leads to forced labour, prostitution, begging, and armed recruitment. Approximately one in six of the over 28,800 children that were reported to NCMEC in 2023 were probably the victims of child sex trafficking. Aim: The primary focus of this article is the many purposes for which children are trafficked from India, as well as the criminal crimes associated with this issue. Overall, the majority of minors are abducted for sexual offences and sold to wealthy individuals across international criminal networks.

Journal of Human Trafficking, 2020

Protection and assistance to survivors of trafficking is one of the aims of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children. India being a signatory of the Protocol provides assistance to survivors of trafficking through its ‘Ujjawala’ and ‘Swadhar' Schemes. Under these schemes, the Government funds shelters and rehabilitation services for survivors of human trafficking. In this article, I analyze the steps taken by two government-run shelters in Guwahati, Assam, India to rehabilitate trafficking survivors. The article is based on qualitative research using in-depth semi-structured interviews with shelter residents and service providers. The shelters provide education, training as well as psychological support to the survivors to help them reintegrate to the society, but these services are provided half-heartedly with a welfare approach and with ideas of charity. I argue that unless the survivors, and their specific needs, are put at the center of the assistance, successful rehabilitation is not possible. I bring out the ineffectiveness of the Indian state in implementing the Palermo Protocol even after 20 years of its inception.