Final mothers our migration 1

Migration studies, 2018

Recent increases in mother's labour migration to European and Arabic countries have invited an upwelling of interest in how the absence of the mother for long periods of time affects the girls' overall development. The empirical studies on mother's out-migration reveal that with 1,750 individuals leaving for foreign employment every day in Nepal. The purpose of my study was to examine the consequences of mother's out-migration to the left behind girls on education, health and psychosocial development in Chitwan District Nepal. For the intent of this study, girls of migrant households were defined as the left behind girls who serve household jobs. A quantitative design was used to collect data for this study where the survey was used as research method. A five-point Likert scale survey questionnaire was used as research instruments. The respondents were selected from a random sampling method. Two hundred and nineteen survey questionnaires were returned by the returnees (90%). Approximately, 45% of the sampled girls were under 12 years old and 55% of them were between 12-16 years old in this study. The results concluded that there is significant relationship between mother's out-migration and house environment, physical weakness, mother's support, girls' preferences, tolerance capacity, communication with mum, behaviour of neighbor, lack of coordination, relation with family members, lack of choice, unsupportive society, the development of education and health and psychosocial issues of the left behind girls (p<0.05). The results further conclude that there is negative correlation between mother's out-migration and the development of the left behind girls of the migrant households. The results further show that overall development of education, health and psychosociology have been affected by mother out-migration. It is argued that health, education and psychosocial development was negatively affected by their mother out-migration. Investigation related to the left behind girl is lacking in the SAARC countries. Therefore, not much is known regarding how the left behind girls have to be cared after their mother's out-migration. Learning more about mother's out-migration and its consequences on the left behind girls could have long term consequences since it relates to mitigating the roles of mothers for their daughters under 16 years old. The systematic ethical considerations were seriously considered while collecting data with the left behind migrant household's girls. It is argued that the Nepalese context is completely different from the context of other developed and Asian countries in the case of the negative impacts of mother out-migration to the left behind girls (Nepal).

Recent increases in mother’s out-migration to international labour markets have invited an upwelling of interest in how the absence of a mother for a long period of time affects the girls under 16 years old on their education, health and psychosocial development in Nepal. The empirical studies on mother’s out-migration reveal that the extended family, especially mother’s relatives, is often called on for support in childcare during the mother’s stay in the international labour market. With 1,600 individuals are leaving for foreign employment every day so that international mother’s out-migration has become an intrinsic part of the lives of Nepalese people. It is not yet clear that how childcare arrangements are made in Nepal More significantly, illegal mother’s out-migration has been on the rise since labour-migration culture began in Nepal and the issue still increasing today (Sijapati, 2015). In doing so, it will draw the attention to the enduring influence of social norms on the organization of family life due to the increasing volume of mother’s out-migration in international labour markets. Additionally, illegal migration has been on the rise since labour-migration culture began in Asia which has created numerous social problems that have threatened the safety of the migrant’s mothers in the receiving countries and their left behind girls back at home.

Open Journal for Sociological Studies, 2023

This article focuses on the effect of parental migration on the care and educational performance of left-behind children of migrant families. This ethnographic study was conducted among the Kham people in Kankri, Rukum East district of the western mid-hill region of rural Nepal. Information was collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews, and living in the community in their setting. Income from parental labor migration provided families with food, clothing, access to basic health services, and investment in their children's education. Left-behind children lacked parental care with proper guidance and emotional support, so they started taking alcohol, Charash (marijuana resin), and showing violent behavior. Children from migrant households have school absences and poorer educational performance as they are required to help with household work and lack guided learning at home. Children lose interest in studying, and those who miss upper-class admission because of seasonal migration drop out of school and join the migration. Parents select private or government schools for their children depending on remittance, quality of education, network availability, and future opportunities. Parents who had hardships during their migration are determined to educate their children in school, but they do not provide equal educational opportunities for boys and girls. Seasonal migrant workers anticipate that their children will engage in seasonal work during school breaks so that they can contribute to their schooling costs.

PLoS ONE, 2021

Introduction International migration is increasing rapidly around the world mostly to obtain a job. International migrant workers usually leave their children back in their country of origin, and among family members, adolescents may experience greater psychological distress from parental separation. However, limited evidence is available on the relationship between parental international migration and psychological well-being of left-behind adolescents. Nepal has a relatively higher and increasing number of international migrants, and this study was conducted to examine the association between parental international migration and the psychological well-being of left-behind adolescents in Nepal. Methods A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 626 adolescents in two districts of Western Nepal, where international migration is common. Adolescents were recruited through random sampling. Pre-tested “Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire” was used to measure their psy...

Migration and Development, 2019

This study describes the nature of migration and its socioreproductive impacts in Nepal. This study utilized the household survey data conducted between April to August 2013, and 15 qualitative interviews with migrants or their family members. About 29.9% of households had at least one member migrated. Almost all migrants (98%) were male with a majority (73.1%) being the husbands of women interviewed. Logistic regression showed the higher proportion of migration in the Western (38.1%) and the Far-western (33.1%) regions of Nepal. The study explored that migration resulted in positive improvements such as meeting family aspirations and economy, and negative impacts such as deception by their employers, feeling loneliness due to separation, an experience of conflicting marital relations, and termination of pregnancy and inability to conceive a baby.

Open Journal for Anthropological Studies, 2021

This study analyzes the effect of migration on the left-behind family members in Nepal especially focusing on the family structure, livelihood, education, aging parents, reproductive health, and marital relationship. The review was done based on the published journal articles, dissertations, and organizational reports from 2015-2020 to explore the areas impacted by the migration. Seven thematic areas emerged and found both positive and adverse effects and association of migration on left behind family members of the migrants. The review also found the need for further research on the ways of communicating and supporting between migrants and left behind family members to reduce the adverse effect of the migration on the left behind members of the family. Furthermore, field studies can concentrate on ways to enable women to learn skills, techniques and technology to increase production and diversify livelihoods.

Geographical Journal of Nepal

Though, the migration process and its impact in the household economy has been extensively studied in the academic sectors, but much less attention has been given to the impact of female labor migration on the family members who are left behind at home. This paper attempts to determine socio-economic structure of female labor migrants from Tanahun District of Gandaki Province, Nepal. Similarly, it also attempts to analyze the causes of female migration, process and dynamics of foreign labor migration and its impact on the left behind family specially children and elder citizens at home. For this purpose, 180 households have been purposefully selected from three municipalities and conducted household survey through snowball methods. According to the survey findings, married women are preferred to go for abroad, whereas the age of migration is after 30 years. Literate are very less migrated for foreign labor. Majority of the female migrants preferred to go to Gulf Cooperation Council ...

The concept of wellbeing is gaining popularity in the study of quality of life and cultural significance of living. The paper aims to contribute to our understanding of objective and subjective wellbeing by exploring the perceptions of women left behind by out-migrating husbands on their quality of life in a transnational social field. The paper uses both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Its primary focus is on the life stories of the four women left behind by their migrant husbands, complementing by quantitative data obtained from a survey among 277 households. Taking an example from Nepal's eastern terai, the paper shows that additional income from remittances has increased the objective wellbeing of the women left behind, but it may not have increased their subjective wellbeing. Hence, it is concluded that improved objective wellbeing of a woman does not necessarily translate into her (improved) subjective wellbeing. The subjective experiences are rather complex, multi-faceted and context specific depending on the family situation, socio-cultural disposition and prior economic situation of the actors involved.

Migration and Development, 2019

This study describes the nature of migration and its socioreproductive impacts in Nepal. This study utilized the household survey data conducted between April to August 2013, and 15 qualitative interviews with migrants or their family members. About 29.9% of households had at least one member migrated. Almost all migrants (98%) were male with a majority (73.1%) being the husbands of women interviewed. Logistic regression showed the higher proportion of migration in the Western (38.1%) and the Far-western (33.1%) regions of Nepal. The study explored that migration resulted in positive improvements such as meeting family aspirations and economy, and negative impacts such as deception by their employers, feeling loneliness due to separation, an experience of conflicting marital relations, and termination of pregnancy and inability to conceive a baby.