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A Review on Primary and Sustainable Energy Scenario in Bangladesh

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Abstract

A comprehensive overview of present primary energy production and its scenario in Bangladesh has been presented in this paper. The total primary energy consumption in Bangladesh is measured about 32.4 Mtoe in 2016 with a growth rate 3.2% which is significantly high from previous years. This high energy consumption is still met by the nonrenewable sources like natural gas, coal and crude oil. As a result, this high dependency and depletion of those fossil fuels reserve as well as the growing demand of energy supply frequently arise the issue of energy sustainability. That's why, this study is also focused on the discussion on prospect of primary energy in future as well as on exploration of the alternative energies like biomass, solar, nuclear and hydro energy to meet the growing demand of energy supply. Besides a short details on various ongoing and upcoming projects are mentioned which are undertaken by the Bangladesh government to promote renewable energy use as well as to create energy policy and regulations to attain the security and reliability of energy supply in this country.

Figures (13)
Table 1. Global Primary Energy C onsumption [5] Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017. The development and economic growth of modern civilization is entirely dependent on energy. David stern (2011) shows that when energy is scarce it imposes a strong constraint on the growth of the economy; however, when energy is abundant, its effect on economic growth is much reduced. The industrial revolution released the constraints on economic growth by the development of new methods of using coal and the discovery of new fossil fuel resources [36]. Therefore the researcher and technologies have given the importance on the research on sustainable energy development to find out a proper way to meet up the increasing demand of energy. The fuel consumption was growing from 6630 million tons of oil equivalents (Mtoe) in 1980 to almost double reaching 13,276 Mtoe in 2016 as shown in Table 1. The energy consumptions is mainly based on fossil fuels which account for 85.52%. The contribution of hydro power and nuclear are very small with only 7.08% and 4.6% respectively [5]. Furthermore, the energy generates from the combustion of fossil fuels has simultaneously created several environmental concerns which can threaten the sustainability of our ecosystem. One of the primary concerns will be the emissions of greenhouse gases and other types of air pollutants such as hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide and volatile organic compounds [9]. Huge accumulation of those greenhouse gases and air pollutants in our atmosphere will eventually lead to drastic climate changes, acid rain and smog. For this remedy, the new and renewable energies are the only hope as well as will become one of the main energy sources in future for the world. Presently renewable energy contributes only 3.16% to global primary energy consumption which is shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Global Primary Energy C onsumption [5] Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017. The development and economic growth of modern civilization is entirely dependent on energy. David stern (2011) shows that when energy is scarce it imposes a strong constraint on the growth of the economy; however, when energy is abundant, its effect on economic growth is much reduced. The industrial revolution released the constraints on economic growth by the development of new methods of using coal and the discovery of new fossil fuel resources [36]. Therefore the researcher and technologies have given the importance on the research on sustainable energy development to find out a proper way to meet up the increasing demand of energy. The fuel consumption was growing from 6630 million tons of oil equivalents (Mtoe) in 1980 to almost double reaching 13,276 Mtoe in 2016 as shown in Table 1. The energy consumptions is mainly based on fossil fuels which account for 85.52%. The contribution of hydro power and nuclear are very small with only 7.08% and 4.6% respectively [5]. Furthermore, the energy generates from the combustion of fossil fuels has simultaneously created several environmental concerns which can threaten the sustainability of our ecosystem. One of the primary concerns will be the emissions of greenhouse gases and other types of air pollutants such as hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide and volatile organic compounds [9]. Huge accumulation of those greenhouse gases and air pollutants in our atmosphere will eventually lead to drastic climate changes, acid rain and smog. For this remedy, the new and renewable energies are the only hope as well as will become one of the main energy sources in future for the world. Presently renewable energy contributes only 3.16% to global primary energy consumption which is shown in Table 1.
Figure 1. Geological map of Bangladesh Bangladesh is the world's 8" most populated country with a population of 158 million [2]. Geologically, Bangladesh occupies a greater part of the Bengal basin with an area about 147570 km? and the country is covered by tertiary folded sedimentary rocks (12%) in the north, north eastern and eastern parts; uplifted pleistocene residuum (8%) in the north western, mid northern and eastern parts; and holocene deposits (80%) consisting of unconsolidated sand, silt and clay [6]. Agriculture used to be the main source of income for the people of this country. However the growth rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Bangladesh was 7.05% with GDP per capita about of 1,358.78 USD in 2016 [3]. Bangladesh Bank forecasts that on 2017 the economic growth will be more than 7% [4]. It is known that the economic growth for any developing country is a main tool for rapid urbanization as well as poverty eradication. And this economic growth has proportionality relation with total primary energy consumption in Bangladesh. The total primary energy consumption was measured about 32.4 Mtoe in 2016 with annual growth rate 3.2% and the average growth rate from 2005 to 2015 is around 6.3% which is considered high among other countries in Asia Ife tlOtdi CONSUMPWON OL WUS SeClOL 1s dLOUNQ La2vuV”u Mtoe in 2013 and followed closely by industrial sector which consume 700 Mtoe [1]. The energy consumption in ransport and agriculture are increased rapidly. With future anergy demand expected, average annual growth rate of ‘otal final energy consumption will be 6.3% between 2014 and 2041 [1]. Therefore the energy security is becoming a serious issue as fossil fuels are non-renewable energy and will deplete eventually in near future. With rapid change of global as well as domestic situation some energy policies are undertaken by National Energy Policy (NEP of Bangladesh, which was formulated in 1996 to proper axploration, production, transmission, distribution and rational use of energy sources to meet the growing jemand on a sustainable basis. The policies are: (i) To provide energy for sustainable economic growth so that the economic development activities of different sectors are not constrained due to shortage of energy. (ii) To snsure optimum development of all the indigenous energy sources. (iii) To meet the energy needs of different zones of the country and socioeconomic groups. (iv) To ensure sustainable operation of the energy utilities (v) to ensure rational use of total energy sources. (vi) To ensure snvironmentally sound sustainable energy development programmes, with due importance to renewable energy, causing minimum damage to environment. (vii) To ancourage public and private sector participation in the Jevelopment and management of the energy sector. (viii) To integrate energy with rural development to boost rural aconomy. (ix) To bring entire country under electrification py the year 2020. (x) To ensure reliable supply of energy io the people at reasonable and affordable price. (xi) To Jevelop a regional energy market for rational exchange of commercial energy to ensure energy security [7].
Figure 1. Geological map of Bangladesh Bangladesh is the world's 8" most populated country with a population of 158 million [2]. Geologically, Bangladesh occupies a greater part of the Bengal basin with an area about 147570 km? and the country is covered by tertiary folded sedimentary rocks (12%) in the north, north eastern and eastern parts; uplifted pleistocene residuum (8%) in the north western, mid northern and eastern parts; and holocene deposits (80%) consisting of unconsolidated sand, silt and clay [6]. Agriculture used to be the main source of income for the people of this country. However the growth rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Bangladesh was 7.05% with GDP per capita about of 1,358.78 USD in 2016 [3]. Bangladesh Bank forecasts that on 2017 the economic growth will be more than 7% [4]. It is known that the economic growth for any developing country is a main tool for rapid urbanization as well as poverty eradication. And this economic growth has proportionality relation with total primary energy consumption in Bangladesh. The total primary energy consumption was measured about 32.4 Mtoe in 2016 with annual growth rate 3.2% and the average growth rate from 2005 to 2015 is around 6.3% which is considered high among other countries in Asia Ife tlOtdi CONSUMPWON OL WUS SeClOL 1s dLOUNQ La2vuV”u Mtoe in 2013 and followed closely by industrial sector which consume 700 Mtoe [1]. The energy consumption in ransport and agriculture are increased rapidly. With future anergy demand expected, average annual growth rate of ‘otal final energy consumption will be 6.3% between 2014 and 2041 [1]. Therefore the energy security is becoming a serious issue as fossil fuels are non-renewable energy and will deplete eventually in near future. With rapid change of global as well as domestic situation some energy policies are undertaken by National Energy Policy (NEP of Bangladesh, which was formulated in 1996 to proper axploration, production, transmission, distribution and rational use of energy sources to meet the growing jemand on a sustainable basis. The policies are: (i) To provide energy for sustainable economic growth so that the economic development activities of different sectors are not constrained due to shortage of energy. (ii) To snsure optimum development of all the indigenous energy sources. (iii) To meet the energy needs of different zones of the country and socioeconomic groups. (iv) To ensure sustainable operation of the energy utilities (v) to ensure rational use of total energy sources. (vi) To ensure snvironmentally sound sustainable energy development programmes, with due importance to renewable energy, causing minimum damage to environment. (vii) To ancourage public and private sector participation in the Jevelopment and management of the energy sector. (viii) To integrate energy with rural development to boost rural aconomy. (ix) To bring entire country under electrification py the year 2020. (x) To ensure reliable supply of energy io the people at reasonable and affordable price. (xi) To Jevelop a regional energy market for rational exchange of commercial energy to ensure energy security [7].
Table 2. Natural Gas Reserves in Bangladesh [8] Source: Bangladesh Oil, Gas and Mineral Corporation (PteroB angla), 2017.
Table 2. Natural Gas Reserves in Bangladesh [8] Source: Bangladesh Oil, Gas and Mineral Corporation (PteroB angla), 2017.
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 7 Figure 2. Projection of sector wise primary energy consumption in Bangladesh (JICA survey Team) [1]
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 7 Figure 2. Projection of sector wise primary energy consumption in Bangladesh (JICA survey Team) [1]
Figure 3. Projection of primary energy supply by fuel type in Bangladesh (JICA survey Team) [1
Figure 3. Projection of primary energy supply by fuel type in Bangladesh (JICA survey Team) [1
Figure 5. Sector wise natural gas consumption in Bangladesh [8]
Figure 5. Sector wise natural gas consumption in Bangladesh [8]
Figure 7. Forecasting of oil demand (JICA survey team) [1] The share of crude oil in world primary energy consumption in 2016 is 33.28% in where Bangladesh has a negligible contribution of 0.05% [5]. is not an oil producing country and Because Bangladesh the total oil energy demand is met by imported crude oil from other countries like Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi and so on. Bangladesh has no significant reserve oil field except the small quantity of oil in Haripur gas field, located in northeastern part of the country. It was discovered in 1986 and and recoverable reserves of which we estimated probable re 27 and 6 million barrels, respectively (Petro Bangla 1992). Oil was extracted from a single hole in that field from 1987 to 1993, and then production ceased. During 1990, 118449 barrels of oil were extracted, which at that time was economically viable for Bangladesh (Akhtar & Hasan 1994). Though Bangladesh has no potential reserve for production of crude oil, a significant amount of condensate around 12327.1 bbl/day is recovered from natural gas fields (Banglapedia). Bangladesh current annual demand of oil is around 37.76 million barrels (PSMP2016) and major consumer of this energy is transport sector followed by agriculture, industry and commercial sector which is mostly met by imported liquid fuel. Bangladesh has only one refinery plant named Eastern Refinery Limited (ERL), a subsidiary company of Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation (BPC) and the storage capacity of that plan is 27.45 million barrels. Imported crude oil is refined at that refinery in Chittagong to produce secondary fuels such as liquid propane gas, naphtha, gasoline, furnace oil, bitumen and other oil products. At present total refinery capacity is 43 thousand barrels per day [5]. The crude oil consumption in Bangladesh in yearly basis is shown Table 3 in where the consumption in 2016 is estimated 131 thousand barrel per day with an annual growth rate 5.65%. This rate would be higher in future which is forecasted by TICA survey team as shown in Fiqure 7.
Figure 7. Forecasting of oil demand (JICA survey team) [1] The share of crude oil in world primary energy consumption in 2016 is 33.28% in where Bangladesh has a negligible contribution of 0.05% [5]. is not an oil producing country and Because Bangladesh the total oil energy demand is met by imported crude oil from other countries like Saudi Arabia, Abu Dhabi and so on. Bangladesh has no significant reserve oil field except the small quantity of oil in Haripur gas field, located in northeastern part of the country. It was discovered in 1986 and and recoverable reserves of which we estimated probable re 27 and 6 million barrels, respectively (Petro Bangla 1992). Oil was extracted from a single hole in that field from 1987 to 1993, and then production ceased. During 1990, 118449 barrels of oil were extracted, which at that time was economically viable for Bangladesh (Akhtar & Hasan 1994). Though Bangladesh has no potential reserve for production of crude oil, a significant amount of condensate around 12327.1 bbl/day is recovered from natural gas fields (Banglapedia). Bangladesh current annual demand of oil is around 37.76 million barrels (PSMP2016) and major consumer of this energy is transport sector followed by agriculture, industry and commercial sector which is mostly met by imported liquid fuel. Bangladesh has only one refinery plant named Eastern Refinery Limited (ERL), a subsidiary company of Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation (BPC) and the storage capacity of that plan is 27.45 million barrels. Imported crude oil is refined at that refinery in Chittagong to produce secondary fuels such as liquid propane gas, naphtha, gasoline, furnace oil, bitumen and other oil products. At present total refinery capacity is 43 thousand barrels per day [5]. The crude oil consumption in Bangladesh in yearly basis is shown Table 3 in where the consumption in 2016 is estimated 131 thousand barrel per day with an annual growth rate 5.65%. This rate would be higher in future which is forecasted by TICA survey team as shown in Fiqure 7.
Figure 6. Percentage gas consumption in Bangladesh at different sector in Bangladesh [8]
Figure 6. Percentage gas consumption in Bangladesh at different sector in Bangladesh [8]
Table 3. Crude oil consumption in Bangladesh [5] Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017.
Table 3. Crude oil consumption in Bangladesh [5] Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017.
Table 4. Coal Reserves in Bangladesh [8]
Table 4. Coal Reserves in Bangladesh [8]
Source: Bangladesh Oil, Gas and Mineral Corporation (PteroBangla); 2017.
Source: Bangladesh Oil, Gas and Mineral Corporation (PteroBangla); 2017.
Figure 8. Y early coal production in Bangladesh [13]
Figure 8. Y early coal production in Bangladesh [13]
Table 5. Some ongoing and upcoming projects on renewable energy in Bangladesh Source: Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB).
Table 5. Some ongoing and upcoming projects on renewable energy in Bangladesh Source: Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB).

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Energy scarcity and potential of renewable energy in Bangladesh
Dr. Moinuddin Sarker, PhD, MCIC, FICER, MInstP, MRSC, FARSS.

Energy is one of the indispensable inputs for the survival of human being in the earth. Bangladesh has the very inadequate amount of indigenous non-renewable energy resources even which is being diminishing rapidly to increase the electricity generation. Although the installed electricity generation capacity has been increased to 10907 MW, still the amount is insufficient to meet the demand of the country. In addition to this, the insufficient power generation hinders the socio-economic and industrial development. This current problem in power generation of Bangladesh can be removed by incorporating renewable energy into electricity generation. Recently, utilization of renewable energy and Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) are getting momentum in the country to achieve not only energy security but to reduce environmental pollution and to limit the imminent depletion of the non-renewable energy resources. Overall, Bangladesh has the vast potential of biomass, solar, hydro, wind, and tidal powers. This paper outlines the present energy scenario of the country. Following this, the potential of available renewable energy resources is also reviewed and presented in this paper. Key words: Energy crisis; Renewable energy; RETs; Bangladesh.

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