Maritime Security in Southeast Asia

The Chinese strategic thinking is well known for the deep and the thorough examination of the situations and the problems that must be addressed and in order to protect their rights and their interests. It is also well known that when Chinese leadership is planning a new strategic concept which is something that happens for a long period of time and also implemented for a long period of time. One good example of this strategic thinking is the South China Sea, a sea with great economic and strategic importance for China through its history. The situation in the South China Sea is determined almost the last eighty years largely by the "line of nine points" as this had just conceived by the previous “national” Government of China and for long it seemed that was it left in the wake of the history (Zhiguo Gao, Bing Bing Jia, 2013). The previews “new” Communist Government has lifted this line, nearly twenty years, as an area which historically belongs to her and now she claims. Although many of these claims are far beyond the 200nm that the law of the sea identifies as the limit of the EEZ there are not any dealing with the objects or adjacent States. The claim of Islands, islets and coral reef-atoll is not just for their sovereignty but also for their fishery, energy and marine nature areas that are included in these clusters. There are a lot of opponent States which claims corresponding pieces of this huge area as the P.R. of China, the Philippines (Spratly Islands Parasel Islands & & Scarborough Shoal), Brunei, Malaysia and Viet Nam (Parasel & Spratly Islands). All of above belongs to a traditional security concept. Under the “new” socialist leadership of Xi Jinping in Communist Party of China (CPC) the Chinese propose a new way of thinking, the concept of “One Belt and One Road”. Part of this Strategic Concept is the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (Jinping, 2014). It looks that the non-traditional threats and challenges having at least the same value with the traditional one. The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road connects mostly under the economic development prospect the China with Europe travelling through the South China Sea, Andaman Sea, Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea and finally the Aegean Sea and Ionian Sea. In this paper we are going to examine the opportunities and the challenges brought to Maritime Security issues in the South China Sea by this new Strategic Concept of China. We believe that in order to be sustaining this new concept must be fully implemented in the neighborhood or the “backyard” of China.

We are witnessing the emergence of a post cold war order in today's Southeast Asia.

TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

This article attempts to analyze ASEAN's response to maritime security cooperation. As an organization in Southeast Asia, ASEAN needs to establish good maritime cooperation to protect the various interests of the members and the busy SLOCs as well. The author uses cooperative security to analyze ASEAN maritime security cooperation and identifies sources of cooperative maritime security to explain their willingness to join or not to join a cooperation agreement. This article shows that there is an overlap of cooperation as the result of different in terms of prioritization, capability, and especially perspective regarding the absolute and collective gain that leads to ineffective cooperation. In addition, there are no legally binding frameworks as an outcome from formed cooperation beside a series of dialogues between ASEAN members. But, although each country has different priorities, capability, interest and perspectives, the Cooperative security may become a bridge to overcome the difference. It is possible as the ASEAN members keep showing their willingness to overcome maritime issue by doing bilateral, trilateral, and multilateral cooperation. http://www.transnav.eu the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation Volume 16 Number 3

Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS), 2022

Office of Strategic Studies and Strategy Management Digest, Vol XX, No.2, 2015

IAEME PUBLICATION, 2024

The study aims to analyze how ASEAN acts to keep the region from conflicts over the South China Sea. The South China Sea conflict is a conflict that has a major impact on the ASEAN region; it is influenced by the territorial waters owned by several countries in ASEAN according to the United Nations Convention for the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1982. China’s unilateral claim in 2012 was the beginning of ASEAN’s concerns over the security and stability around the South China Sea and ASEAN waters. This study focuses on ASEAN’s response in response to China’s moves after unilateral claims and the establishment of military fleets around the Spratly and Paracel islands. The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) on 2018 is an important response for ASEAN in the face of maritime security threats. Establishment of policy strengthening security cooperation will have a significant impact in the development of stability in the South China Sea region, where the situation in the region worsens with the increasing number of actors involved in the conflict. The findings obtained from this paper aim to explain the analysis of ASEAN schemes to safeguard the territorial waters around the South China Sea

JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies)

Southeast and East Asia region has emerged as a global strategic maritime. Yet, maritime in the region remains vulnerable with overlapping claims on sea borders, piracy attacks and other transnational challenges at sea. For these purposes, some major powers in the region such as the US, China and Indonesia have launched their respective strategies in securing maritime for their interests. To harmonize the various interests, ASEAN with its counterparts in East Asia region need an ASEAN-led, inclusive and comprehensive regional maritime mechanism and strategic partnership between ASEAN member states and its dialog partners to maintain good order at sea. In November 2015, the East Asian Summit eventually launched a joint statement on Enhancing Regional Maritime Cooperation to justify the centrality of ASEAN and to counter the failure of ASEAN Defense Minister Meeting. In such case, ASEAN member states need to manage their disunity to minimize hindrances of the realization and implement...

International Journal of Research In Business and Social Science, 2022

The South China Sea, rich in mineral resources, has become a source of conflict dragging regional countries and ASEAN. The Council for Foreign Relations (CFR) noted that 900 trillion cubic feet of natural gas could be maximized into unlimited energy. The ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting (ADMM), which is assigned as a consultative instrument and cooperation in the defense sector, must address the SCS issue. Therefore, this study aims to promote peace and stability in the South China Sea Region by increasing cooperation between Indonesia and ASEAN countries in the defense sector through ADMM. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method. The main findings of the study demonstrate that (i) the geographical and geostrategic position of the SCS creates a security dilemma for almost all powers in East Asia and the wider Asia-Pacific region, (ii) ensuring freedom of navigation is essential, sea lines of communication (SLOCs) through the SCS have regional and geostrategic importance, and finally (iii) the use of approaches through the ADMM found a solid improvement in regional stability.

International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 2021

South China Sea (SCS) is located in the Southeast Asia. The maritime region hosts over 200 maritime resources that is complemented by geographical attribute of small to large islands. The SCS has a rich amount of resources such as oil, gas, and fisheries. However, nowadays there have a lot of threats that threatening the maritime security in this region.This article has two objectives, namely to 1) to identify the threats in the SCS and 2) to examine Malaysia contribution in SCS. By using qualitative approached, primary and secondary data were collected from 2000 to 2019. The finding of this study are 1) there were traditional and non-traditional threats in the SCS, 2) Malaysia in contributing towards the SCS Maritime security, had usage the internal security centric approach, maritime safety and security control approach and the Regional maritime cooperation approach in confront with the traditional, non-traditional threat and the maritime pollution threat within SCS.

Conference Proceedings on 2nd Annual International Conference on Political Science, Sociology and International Relations, 2012

The ASEAN is once again at the forefront of a super power rivalry, this time between the US and China with the South China Sea as its setting. Against the increasing security dilemma in the South China Sea and threat of great power rivalry, a change in the characterization of the region's security outlook from an essentially military definition to comprehensive security is necessary. This refers to interdependence and cooperation in economic development, scientific research, and a general enhancement of human interactions. The establishment of an ASEAN-led maritime regime against piracy could initiate the foundation for a resolution to the South China Sea disputes and encourage cooperation and foster understanding in Sino-US rivalry in the region.

Bussecon Review of Social Sciences (2687-2285)

This article analyzes the status quo and cooperation mechanism between ASEAN and China, mainly, the non-traditional security issues in the South China Sea space (SCS). The non-traditional security threats confronting the SCS are complex, diverse and enormous. Amongst those are transnational maritime crimes, marine disaster threat, marine ecological environmental threat, and resource scarcity. Recent trends have demonstrated that the established regimes between ASEAN and China, for non-traditional security cooperation in the SCS, are fragmented mainly due to the absence of integrated and long-term mechanisms. Three reasons hinder the acceleration of the cooperation process: interference from outside powers, insufficient mutual political trust between China and ASEAN members, claimants and divergence of interests in advancing the Code of Conduct (COC) in the SCS. This article aims to analyze the problems and the causes existing between China and ASEAN in dealing with non-traditional s...

report outlines the Department of Defense's strategy with regard to maritime security in the Asia-Pacific region. Recognizing the importance of the Asia-Pacific region and its maritime domain for the security of the United States, the Department is focused on safeguarding freedom of the seas, deterring conflict and coercion, and promoting adherence to international law and standards. As it does around the world, the Department will continue to fly, sail, and operate wherever international law allows, in support of these goals and in order to preserve the peace and security the Asia-Pacific region has enjoyed for the past 70 years.

Jurnal Global & Strategis

The importance of the sea in the current era of globalization has called all countries for managing their interests at sea as well as their common concern collectively, cooperatively and inclusively. By looking at the notions of the sea as a medium of connectivity and sea as a resource coupled with its vulnerability particularly in Indian and Pacific Oceans, Indo-Pacific maritime cooperation towards global ocean governance accordingly are vital to the international stability, a successful of sea-based trading system and sustainability use of the oceans. Therefore this article discusses the rationale of Indo-Pacific Maritime Cooperation, which made possible by the common concern of countries that locate between the Indian and West Pacific ocean maritime, the vulnerabilities of the region and the existence of various ASEAN’s mechanisms on Maritime Security Cooperation as well as regional regime and international law. Nevertheless, ASEAN needs to note some issues relating to its consol...

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